- B-wave Amplitude of ERG Waveform [CMO:0003656] — The b-wave is positive and usually larger in amplitude than the a-wave of the ERG waveform, generated by the retina in response to light. The amplitude of the b-wave is measured from the trough of the a-wave to the following peak of the b-wave. The b-wave reflects the health of the inner layers of the retina, including the ON bipolar cells and the Muller cells.
- Back Fat Morphological Measurement [CMO:0000428] — Measurement of the physical form or structure of the adipose tissue in the posterior part of the trunk, usually from the neck to the pelvis.
- Back Fat Percentage [CMO:0000431] — Weight of subcutaneous fat along the back expressed as a percentage of total body or carcass weight.
- Back Fat Thickness [CMO:0000432] — Depth of adipose tissue located in the area posterior part of the trunk.
- Back Fat Thickness, 10th Rib [CMO:0000433] — Depth of adipose tissue in the posterior trunk area at the location of the 10th rib.
- Back Fat Thickness, 1st Rib [CMO:0000436] — Depth of adipose tissue in the posterior trunk area located in the region of the 1st rib.
- Back Fat Thickness, 3rd Lumbar Vertebra [CMO:0000435] — Depth of the adipose tissue in the posterior trunk area located at the region of the third lumbar vertebra.
- Back Fat Thickness, Last Lumbar Vertebra [CMO:0001372] — Depth of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the posterior trunk area at the location of the last lumbar vertebra.
- Back Fat Thickness, Last Rib [CMO:0001371] — Depth of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the posterior trunk area at the location of the last rib.
- Back Fat Thickness, Midpoint [CMO:0000434] — Depth of adipose tissue in the posterior area of the trunk, at the midpoint of the body length.
- Back Fat Weight [CMO:0000429] — Total weight of all adipose tissue located in the posterior region of the trunk, usually from the neck to the pelvis.
- Bacteria Count [CMO:0002656] — The enumeration, i.e. measurement of the total number, of bacteria in a specified sample of an infected tissue or bodily fluid, or in the entire body of the host.
- Bacterial Infection Incidence/prevalence Measurement [CMO:0003543] — Any measurement in which the number of individuals in a study population that display a specified bacterial infection at a point in time or develop a specified parasitic infection within a determined period of time are compared to the total number of individuals in the study population. Often expressed as a percentage but could be expressed as a ratio. A bacterial infection is the invasion and colonization of one or more tissues in the body by bacteria, any of the unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that commonly multiply by cell division, lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and possess a cell wall.
- Bacterial Infection Population Measurement [CMO:0003544] — Any measurement which deals with bacterial infections in terms of population, geography or demographics.
- Bacterial Infection Severity Measurement [CMO:0002652] — Any measurement of the degree to which the presentation of a bacterial infection has caused pain or damage, or of the degree to which bacteria has established lesions or infectious colonies, and/or taken over or interfered with the normal functioning of the body as a whole, or of one or more organs, tissues, cells or subcellular mechanisms of an organism. A bacterial infection is the invasion and colonization of one or more tissues in the body by bacteria, any of the unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that commonly multiply by cell division, lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and possess a cell wall.
- Bacterial Infection Severity Score [CMO:0002653] — A measurement of bacterial infection severity which is derived from a combination of multiple measurements and/or an objective or subjective ranking or rating system according to a specified formula or set of criteria.
- Bacterial Infection Severity Score Based on Inflammatory Foci in Exudate [CMO:0002655] — A ranking or rating of bacterial infection severity which is based on or derived from the number and/or size of foci of inflammatory cells (that is, leukocytes, especially neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, and/or basophils) in a sample of exudate from an infected tissue or organ. An exudate is a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.
- Bacterial Infection Severity Score Based on Mucosal Leukocyte Infiltration [CMO:0002654] — A ranking or rating of bacterial infection severity which is based on or derived from the ratio of the number of leukocytes in a sample of mucosal membrane to total number of cells the that sample.
- Balance Measurement [CMO:0001767] — Any measurement related to the ability of an organism to maintain bodily equilibrium and postural control, the motor control that stabilizes the body in space by integrating sensory input about body position (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular input) with motor output to coordinate the action of muscles and keep the body's center of mass within its base of support.
- Basal Ganglion Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003364] —
- Basal Metabolic Rate [CMO:0003955] — This is a calculated value which is a measure of the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It represents the minimum amount of energy required to sustain life while at complete rest, including the body being in a post-absorptive state (ie the digestive system is inactive.
- Basal White Blood Cell Radioactive Nucleoside Incorporation [CMO:0002547] — Measurement of the unstimulated, baseline or lowest possible amount of a radioactive nucleoside, such as tritiated (3H-) thymidine, incorporated into white blood cells during a specified period of time. The level of nucleoside incorporation is proportional to the amount of cell proliferation and is used as a measure of the latter.
- Base Excess [CMO:0001325] — A measure of the deviation from normal blood acid-base balance expressed as the amount of acid required to titrate a sample of whole arterial blood to its normal pH.
- BAY 60-4552-induced Blood Vessel Dilation Expressed as Percent Reduction of the Force Generated in A Pre-constricted Blood Vessel [CMO:0003412] — This is a measure of the relaxation caused by the addition of BAY 60-4552 to a pre-constricted blood vessel. It is the ratio of the amount of dilation compared to a fully dilated blood vessel.
- BAY60-4552 Response/sensitivity Measurement [CMO:0003411] — Measurement of an organism's, organ's, tissue's or cell's capacity to respond, such as by a change in activity, state or condition, to BAY60-4552, a chemical that belongs to a novel group of small molecule compounds which increase the enzymatic activity of soluble guanylate cyclase.
- Benign Colorectal Tumor Number [CMO:0001795] — A value or quantity determined by count of benign colorectal tumors, abnormal growths of tissue resulting from uncontrolled, progressive multiplication of cells and serving no physiological function, which are generally stable, treatable, circumscribed (that is, not displaying invasiveness or metastasis), and in a relatively normal state of differentiation, and which occur in the large intestine, the distal portion of the alimentary canal, especially in the colon and/or rectum, the segment of the large intestine between the cecum and the anal canal.
- Benign Colorectal Tumor Surface Area Measurement [CMO:0001799] — A measurement of the two-dimensional extent of a planar region comprising the superficial or external aspect of one or more benign colorectal tumors, abnormal growths of tissue resulting from uncontrolled, progressive multiplication of cells and serving no physiological function, which are generally stable, treatable, circumscribed (that is, not displaying invasiveness or metastasis), and in a relatively normal state of differentiation, and which occur in the large intestine, the distal portion of the alimentary canal, especially in the colon and/or rectum, the segment of the large intestine between the cecum and the anal canal.
- Benign Liver Tumor Incidence/prevalence Measurement [CMO:0001709] — Any measurement in which the number of individuals in a study population that display benign liver tumors at a point in time or develop benign liver tumors within a determined period of time are compared to the total number of individuals in the study population. Often expressed as a percentage but could be expressed as a ratio. A liver tumor is a neoplasm or new growth of tissue in which cell multiplication is more or less uncontrolled and progressive occurring in and composed of cells specific to the liver, the large, dark-red organ located in the cranial portion of the abdomen of vertebrates, just behind or below the diaphragm, the functions of which include storage and filtration of blood; secretion of bile; detoxification of noxious substances; conversion of sugars into glycogen; synthesis and breakdown of fats and temporary storage of fatty acids; and synthesis of serum proteins. Such a tumor is benign when it is generally stable, treatable, circumscribed, that is, not displaying invasiveness or metastasis, and in a relatively normal state of differentiation.
- Benign Liver Tumor Number [CMO:0001707] — A value or quantity determined by count of abnormal but benign growths of tissue in the liver or in a specified sample of liver tissue, i.e. growths that result from uncontrolled, progressive multiplication of cells which serve no physiological function, but that are generally stable, treatable, circumscribed, that is, not displaying invasiveness or metastasis, and in a relatively normal state of differentiation. The liver is the large, dark-red organ located in the cranial portion of the abdomen of vertebrates, just behind or below the diaphragm, the functions of which include storage and filtration of blood; secretion of bile; detoxification of noxious substances; conversion of sugars into glycogen; synthesis and breakdown of fats and temporary storage of fatty acids; and synthesis of serum proteins.
- Benign, Neoplastic Tissue Ribonucleic Acid Level [CMO:0004002] — This is any measurement of the absolute or relative amount(s) of one or more of the ribonucleic acids (RNAs) found in a specified benign, neoplastic tissue.
- Beta Cell Area to Total Pancreatic Islet Area Ratio [CMO:0001062] — A calculated value in which the area occupied by beta cells is divided by the total area of the pancreatic islet and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to the size of the pancreatic islet(s). A beta cell is a type of basophilic cell that makes up most of the bulk of the pancreatic islets (i.e. the islets of Langerhans) and secretes insulin.
- Biceps Brachii Muscle Length [CMO:0002514] — The distance between the two ends, that is, the extent of the longest dimension, of the long fusiform muscle of the upper arm (or the upper segment of the foreleg of quadrupeds) located on the anterior surface of the humerus. It arises in two heads from the scapula and flexes the elbow, integrates the actions of the shoulder and elbow and, in humans, supinates the hand.
- Biceps Brachii Muscle Weight [CMO:0002512] — The weight or the measure of the heaviness of the long fusiform muscle of the upper arm (or the upper segment of the foreleg of quadrupeds) located on the anterior surface of the humerus. It arises in two heads from the scapula and flexes the elbow, integrates the actions of the shoulder and elbow and, in humans, supinates the hand.
- Biceps Femoris Muscle Weight [CMO:0001397] — The weight or the measure of the heaviness of one of the posterior femoral muscles whose long head has origin from the tuberosity of the ischium and whose short head has origin from the lower half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera, with insertion into the head of the fibula, whose action flexes the knee and rotates the leg laterally.
- Bilateral Renal Agenesis Incidence/prevalence Measurement [CMO:0000938] — A measurement in which the number of individuals in a study population that display bilateral renal agenesis, the failure to develop both kidneys resulting in a complete lack of kidneys in the individual, at a point in time or the number of new cases of bilateral renal agenesis which appear within a determined period of time are compared to the total number of individuals in the study population. Often expressed as a percentage but could be expressed as a ratio.
- Bilateral Testis Tumor Incidence/prevalence Measurement [CMO:0001263] — Any measurement in which the number of individuals in a study population that display tumors in both testes at a point in time or develop tumors in both testes within a determined period of time are compared to the total number of individuals in the study population. Often expressed as a percentage but could be expressed as a ratio.
- Bile Duct Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003358] —
- Binary Logarithm of Pituitary Gland Wet Weight [CMO:0002168] — A calculated measurement corresponding to the power to which the number 2 must be raised to obtain the specified value for the wet weight of the pituitary gland.
- Bioimpedance [CMO:0000126] — The impedance, or opposition, of a section of tissue to passage of electric current.
- Bisphenol A Drink Intake Rate [CMO:0002174] — The amount of a solution of bisphenol A that is consumed as a drink, that is, a liquid that is brought into the mouth and swallowed to quench thirst, for nourishment, etc., per unit time. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic phenolic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2, i.e. one in which a central carbon links to two methyl groups and two hydroxyphenyl groups. BPA is similar in structure to estradiol and can bind to and activate the estrogen receptor.
- Bisphenol A in Fructose Drink Intake Rate [CMO:0002199] — Amount of a fructose solution containing bisphenol A consumed as a drink per unit time.
- Bisphenol F in Ethanol Drink Intake Rate [CMO:0003933] — The amount of a solution of bisphenol F that is consumed as a drink containing ethanol, that is, a liquid that is brought into the mouth and swallowed to quench thirst, for nourishment, etc., per unit time.
- Blastocyst Ribonucleic Acid Level [CMO:0003990] — This is any measurement of the absolute or relative amount(s) of one or more of the ribonucleic acids (RNAs) found in a blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells in an early-stage embryo containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.
- Bleeding Time (BT) [CMO:0000207] — The time interval between the appearance of the first drop of blood and the removal of the last drop after puncture. In humans, the puncture is often made in the ear lobe or finger.
- Blood 11-dehydrocorticosterone Level [CMO:0003509] — The amount of 11-dehydrocorticosterone, an 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidized to give the corresponding ketone, found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Acetaminophen Level [CMO:0002467] — Measurement of the amount of acetaminophen, an analgesic and antipyretic with effects similar to aspirin but only weakly anti-inflammatory, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Acetaminophen Level Area Under Curve [CMO:0002471] — A calculated measurement in which a series of measurements of the amount of acetaminophen in a specified volume of blood is plotted against time for a single individual and the extent of the two dimensional region bounded by the curve and the axes of the graph is determined.
- Blood Activated T Lymphocyte Count [CMO:0001102] —
- Blood Acute Phase Protein Measurement [CMO:0001923] — Any measurement related to a morphological or physiological parameter, such as the amount or composition, of acute phase proteins in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Acute phase proteins comprise a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation.
- Blood Adiponectin Level [CMO:0000485] — Amount of adiponectin, a hormone that modulates glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Level (ACTH) [CMO:0000555] —
- Blood Alanine Aminotransferase Activity Level [CMO:0000574] — The amount of enzymatic activity of glutamic-pyruvate transaminase enzyme, commonly known as alanine transaminase or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), enzyme in a specified sample of blood. ALT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to generate pyruvate and glutamate. Blood ALT level is used as an enzymatic marker for liver disease or damage.
- Blood Albumin Level [CMO:0000549] — The amount of albumin in a specified sample of blood. Albumin is the major plasma protein, responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serving as a transport protein for large organic anions (e.g., fatty acids, bilirubin, some drugs) and for some hormones when their specific binding globulins are saturated.
- Blood Albumin Level to Blood Globulin Level Ratio [CMO:0002402] — A calculated measurement in which the amount of albumin in a specified sample of blood is divided by the amount of globulin in that same sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood Aldosterone Level [CMO:0000517] — The amount of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, which acts as a mineralcorticoid, found in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Level [CMO:0000576] — Quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by alkaline phosphatase (AP) in a specified sample of blood. AP is an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of orthophosphate from orthophosphoric monoesters under alkaline conditions.
- Blood Alpha-fetoprotein Level [CMO:0001471] — The amount of alpha-fetoprotein, a highly abundant plasma protein produced by the yolk sac, liver and gastrointestinal tract during fetal life and by certain neoplasms in the adult, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood AMG-8718 Level [CMO:0003073] — Measurement of the amount of AMG-8718, a BACE1 inhibitor, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood AMG-8718 Maximum Concentration [CMO:0003077] — The peak concentration that AMG-8718 achieves in a specified volume of blood after the drug has been administrated and before administration of a second dose.
- Blood Amino Acid Measurement [CMO:0003730] — Any measurement involving the amount, composition or type of amino acid, a carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups, in blood. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are encoded directly by triplet codons in the genetic code and polymerized to form proteins.
- Blood Amylase Activity Level [CMO:0003518] — The amount of enzymatic activity of amylase, a digestive enzyme that helps the body break down carbohydrates, in a specified sample of blood. Both the salivary glands and the pancreas produce amylase. Blood amylase level is used to diagnose or monitor a problem with the pancreas.
- Blood Androstenedione Level [CMO:0000509] — The amount of androstenedione, an androgenic steroid produced by the testis, adrenal cortex and ovary, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 Activity Level [CMO:0002742] — Quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2) in a specified sample of blood. ACE2, an ACE homolog, is a zinc-dependent peptidase of the M2-metalloprotease family that is sensitive to chloride ion concentration, and is a membrane-bound enzyme that acts as a monocarboxypeptidase and is an essential regulator of heart function.
- Blood Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Activity Level [CMO:0000578] — Quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in a specified sample of blood. ACE is an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes cleavage of a dipeptide from the C-terminal end of angiotensin I to form activated angiotensin II.
- Blood Angiotensin I Level [CMO:0002981] —
- Blood Angiotensin II Level [CMO:0000121] — The amount of angiotensin II in a specific sample of blood. Angiotensin II (AngII) is the octapeptide, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe, that is derived from angiotensinogen and acts as a powerful vasopressor and stimulator of aldosterone secretion.
- Blood Anti-betacoronavirus Antibody Level [CMO:0003965] — This is a measurement of the amount of anti-betacoronavirus antibodies in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. An anti-betacoronavirus antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen found on or in a betacoronavirus. Betacoronaviruses represent one of four genera of coronaviruses of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales.
- Blood Anti-collagen Antibody Level [CMO:0002607] — The amount of an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to one or more types of collagen, the fibrous protein constituent of bone, cartilage, tendon, and other connective tissue, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Anti-coronavirus Antibody Level [CMO:0003964] — This is a measurement of the amount of anti-coronavirus antibodies in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. An anti-coronavirus antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen found on or in a coronavirus.
- Blood Anti-DNA Antibody Level [CMO:0002606] — The amount of immunoglobulin molecule with an amino acid sequence that binds to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a molecule composed of the sugar deoxyribose, phosphate groups and any combination of the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and/or thymine, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Anti-laminin Antibody Level [CMO:0002608] — The amount of immunoglobulin molecule with an amino acid sequence that specifically binds to laminin, a large polypeptide glycoprotein component of basement membranes, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Anti-parasite Antibody Measurement [CMO:0001831] — A measurement related to anti-parasite antibodies in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. An anti-parasite antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen found on or in a parasite, an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host and possibly causing damage to that host. An antigen is a substance introduced into an organism which initiates an immune response, including the production of the very antibodies which bind to it in an effort to destroy it.
- Blood Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Level [CMO:0003966] — This is a measurement of the amount of anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. An anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen found on or in a SARS-CoV2 betacoronavirus.
- Blood Anti-toxoplasma Antibody Level [CMO:0001832] — Measurement of the amount of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. An anti-toxoplasma antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen found on or in the parasite toxoplasma, a genus of sporozoa the only species of which is Toxoplasma gondii that are intracellular parasites of many organs and tissues of birds and mammals, including humans. A parasite is an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host and possibly causing damage to that host. An antigen is a substance introduced into an organism which initiates an immune response, including the production of the very antibodies which bind to it in an effort to destroy it.
- Blood Antibody Level [CMO:0001828] — A measurement of the amount of an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen, a substance introduced into an organism which initiates an immune response including the production of the very antibodies which bind to it in an effort to destroy it, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Antibody Titer [CMO:0002617] — A measurement of the amount of a specific antibody in a specified sample of blood, expressed as the last dilution of plasma at which a positive result could be obtained.
- Blood Apolipoprotein A Level [CMO:0000519] — The amount of apolipoprotein A, a class of apolipoproteins that occur primarily in high density lipoproteins, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Apolipoprotein AI Level [CMO:0000520] —
- Blood Apolipoprotein AI to Apolipoprotein B Ratio [CMO:0000524] —
- Blood Apolipoprotein AII Level [CMO:0000521] —
- Blood Apolipoprotein Level [CMO:0000518] — The amount of apolipoprotein, any or all of the protein constituents of lipoproteins found in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Apoliprotein B Level [CMO:0000522] —
- Blood Arginine Level [CMO:0003731] — Measurement of the amount of arginine, an alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the side chain (R group) is a 3-guanidinopropyl group, in blood.
- Blood Aspartate Aminotransferase Activity Level [CMO:0000580] — The amount of enzymatic activity of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase enzyme, commonly known as aspartate transaminase or aspartate aminotransferase (AST), in a specified sample of blood. AST catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amine group from l-glutamic acid to oxaloacetic acid, forming alpha-ketoglutaric acid and l-aspartic acid. Blood AST level is used as an enzymatic marker for liver disease or damage.
- Blood Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Level [CMO:0003732] — Measurement of the amount of asymmetric dimethylarginine, an arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups, in blood. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a toxic, non-proteinogenic amino acid formed by post-translational modification and is a uremic toxin that inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production. ADMA has two methyl groups bound to one nitrogen of the parental arginine molecule.
- Blood Autoantibody Level [CMO:0002107] — Measurement of the amount of one or more autoantibodies in a specified sample of blood. An antibody is an immunoglobulin molecule possessing a specific amino acid sequence that binds to a specific antigen, a substance introduced into an organism which initiates an immune response including the production of the very antibodies which bind to it in an effort to destroy it. An autoantibody is an antibody that attacks the cells, tissues, native proteins, or other endogenous molecules of the organism in which it was formed.
- Blood Autoantibody Titer [CMO:0002613] — Measurement of the amount of a specific autoantibody in a specified sample of blood, determined as the maximal dilution of the sample at which that antibody can still be detected. The value represents the denominator of the dilution ratio, i.e., a titer of 32 means that the sample can be maximally diluted 1/32 and still contain enough antibody to be detected.
- Blood B Lymphocyte Count [CMO:0000109] — The number of B lymphocytes in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood B Lymphocyte Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000372] — A calculated measurement in which the number of B lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of white blood cells in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood B Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002351] — A calculated measurement in which the number of B cells in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. A B cell is a type of lymphocyte that, when stimulated by a particular antigen, differentiates into plasma cells that synthesize the antibodies which then circulate in the blood and react with the specific antigens.
- Blood B-type Natriuretic Peptide Level [CMO:0003868] — A measurement of the amount of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Band Neutrophil Count [CMO:0002336] — The number of granulocytes categorized as band neutrophils in a specified volume of blood. A band neutrophil is an immature neutrophil with a horse-shoe or parallel-sided shaped nucleus and represents the final stage of differentiation before the mature segmented neutrophil.
- Blood Band Neutrophil Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002338] — A calculated measurement in which the number of band neutrophil granulocytes is divided by the total number of all white blood cells in a specified sample of peripheral venous blood, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. A band neutrophil is an immature neutrophil with a horse-shoe or parallel-sided shaped nucleus and represents the final stage of differentiation before the mature segmented neutrophil.
- Blood Basophil Count [CMO:0000034] — The number of granulocytes categorized as basophils in a specified sample of blood. A basophil is a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm containing coarse granules of variable size that stain bluish-black when exposed to basic dyes.
- Blood Basophil Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000368] — A calculated measurement in which the number of basophil granulocytes is divided by the number of all white blood cells in a specified sample of peripheral venous blood, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. A basophil is a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm containing coarse granules of variable size that stain bluish-black when exposed to basic dyes.
- Blood Beta-2 Microglobulin [CMO:0003039] — The amount of beta-2 microglobulin (B2m) in a specified volume of blood. B2m is found in association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain on the surface of most cells and has a predominantly beta-pleated sheet structure that can form amyloid fibrils in some pathological conditions.
- Blood Bicarbonate Level [CMO:0000498] —
- Blood Bilirubin Level [CMO:0000123] — The amount of bilirubin found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Bradykinin Level [CMO:0003206] —
- Blood C-reactive Protein Level [CMO:0003160] — The proportion, quantity, or volume of C-reactive protein (CRP) found in the blood. CRP is an acute phase reactant protein used to indicate inflammatory illness. It is believed to be of value in predicting coronary events.
- Blood Calbindin Level [CMO:0003041] — The amount of calbindin in a specified sample of blood. Calbindin is a member of the calcium-binding protein superfamily that includes calmodulin and troponin C.
- Blood Calcium Level [CMO:0000502] — The amount of calcium ions in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Carbon Dioxide Level [CMO:0001322] — The concentration of carbon dioxide (the product of the combustion of carbon with an excess of oxygen) in the blood.
- Blood Carboxyhemoglobin Level [CMO:0000584] — A measure of the amount of carboxyhemoglobin formed by the combination of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin in a specified volume of whole blood.
- Blood Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Level [CMO:0001956] — The amount of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a noncollagenous extracellular matrix protein that serves as a marker of cartilage turnover, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Catecholamine Hormone Level [CMO:0001781] — Measurement of the amount of one or more catecholamine hormones, any of a group of amines composed of a pyrocatechol molecule and the aliphatic portion of an amine that have important physiological effects as hormones and usually also as neurotransmitters, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. A hormone is a substance produced in one part or organ of the body that initiates or regulates the activity of an organ or a group of cells in another part of the body.
- Blood CD25 Cell Count [CMO:0000599] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes expressing the CD25 antigen on their surface in a specified volume of whole blood.
- Blood CD25 Cell Count to CD4 Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0000603] — A calculated measurement in which number of T lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood expressing the surface CD25 antigen is divided by number of T lymphocytes in the same sample of blood expressing the surface CD4 antigen, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood CD25 Cell Count to CD8 Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0000604] — A calculated measurement in which the number of T lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood expressing surface CD25 antigen is divided by the number of T lymphocytes in the same sample of blood expressing surface CD8 antigen and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood CD25 Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002357] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing the CD25 antigen on their surface in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD25 is the alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor and is used as a marker of activated T cells, although it can also be found on other leukocytes including some monocytes, B cells, thymocytes and myeloid precursor cells. CD25 is expressed on a subset of resting T cells but at a much lower level than found on activated cells.
- Blood CD3 Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0003221] —
- Blood CD4 Cell Count [CMO:0000596] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes expressing the CD4 antigen on their surface in a specified volume of whole blood. CD4 is a membrane glycoprotein found primarily on T lymphocytes, but also can be expressed on B cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. On T cells it is a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR), interacts with MHC class II antigens, and functions to initiate or augment the early phase of T-cell activation.
- Blood CD4 Cell Count to CD8 Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0000598] — Calculated measurement of the ratio in whole blood of lymphocytes expressing the CD4 antigen on the surface to lymphocytes expressing the CD8 antigen on the surface.
- Blood CD4 Cell to R73 Cell Ratio [CMO:0001121] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing surface CD4 antigen is divided by the number of lymphocytes expressing a surface antigen recognised by R73, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood CD4 Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002354] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing the CD4 antigen on their surface in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD4 is a membrane glycoprotein found primarily on T lymphocytes, especially T helper (TH) cells, but also can be expressed on B cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. On T cells it is a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR), interacts with MHC class II antigens, and functions to initiate or augment the early phase of T-cell activation.
- Blood CD4+ T Helper Cell Count [CMO:0001087] — The number of CD4-positive T helper lymphocytes in a specified volume of blood. Th cells are differentiated T lymphocytes which express the CD4 (also known as the T4 antigen) on their surface and cooperate with other lymphocytes, e.g. with B lymphocytes in the synthesis of antibody to many antigens; they play an integral role in immunoregulation.
- Blood CD45RC CD4 T Cell Count [CMO:0002346] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood which express both the surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigen. D45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(high) CD4 T Cell Count to CD45RC(low) CD4 T Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0002345] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing both a relatively high amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigen is divided by the number of lymphocytes expressing both a relatively low amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigen, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(high) CD4 T Lymphocyte Count [CMO:0002348] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood which express both a relatively high amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigen. D45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(high) CD4 T Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002358] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood which express both a relatively high amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigenin a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. D45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(high) CD8 T Cell Count to CD45RC(low) CD8 T Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0001990] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing both a relatively high amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD8 antigen is divided by the number of lymphocytes expressing both a relatively low amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD8 antigen, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(high) CD8 T Cell Count to Total CD8 T Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0002307] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing both a relatively high amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD8 antigen is divided by the total number of lymphocytes expressing surface CD8 antigen, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(low) CD4 T Lymphocyte Count [CMO:0002347] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood which express both a relatively low amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigen. D45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(low) CD4 T Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002359] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood which express both a relatively low amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD4 antigenin a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. D45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD45RC(low) CD8 T Cell Count to Total CD8 T Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0001991] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing both a relatively low amount of surface CD45RC antigen and surface CD8 antigen is divided by the total number of lymphocytes expressing surface CD8 antigen, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD45RC, also known as the leukocyte common antigen, is the protein produced by the PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C) gene and has been shown to be an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling.
- Blood CD4Th1 Cell to CD4 Th2 Cell Ratio [CMO:0001105] — A calculated measurement in which the number of CD4-positive T lymphocytes of the T helper 1 type in a specified sample of blood is divided by the number of CD4-positive T lymphocytes of the T helper 2 type in the same sample and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood CD8 Cell Count [CMO:0000597] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes expressing the CD8 antigen on their surface in a specified volume of whole blood. CD8 is a glycoprotein on the surface of killer T lymphocytes that enhances binding with major histocompatibility complex molecules.
- Blood CD8 Cell Count to R73 Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0001122] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing surface CD8 antigen is divided by the number of lymphocytes expressing a surface antigen recognised by R73, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. R73 is a monoclonal antibody that appears to be specific for a constant determinant of the rat alpha/beta heterodimeric T cell receptor.
- Blood CD8 Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002355] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing the CD8 antigen on their surface in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. CD8 is a glycoprotein on the surface of killer (suppressor/cytotoxic) T lymphocytes that enhances binding with major histocompatibility complex molecules.
- Blood Ceruloplasmin Level [CMO:0003466] — The amount of ceruloplasmin in a specified sample of blood. Ceruloplasmin is a metalloprotein that binds most of the copper in plasma and is involved in the peroxidation of Fe(II)transferrin to Fe(III) transferrin.
- Blood Chemistry Measurement [CMO:0000023] — A quantification of a parameter of the chemical composition of blood.
- Blood Chloride Level [CMO:0000497] — The amount of chloride ions in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Cholesterol Level [CMO:0002280] — The amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, in a specified sample of blood. Cholesterol in the blood is generally associated with various lipoproteins.
- Blood Chylomicron Cholesterol Level [CMO:0002682] — Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in chylomicron molecules in a specified volume of blood. Chylomicrons are a class of lipoproteins (approximate density range <0.95 g/ml) that transport exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol from the small intestine to other tissues.
- Blood Chylomicron Level [CMO:0000527] — Measurement of the amount of chylomicrons, a class of lipoproteins (approximate density range <0.95 g/ml) that transport exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol from the small intestine to other tissues, found in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Chylomicron Particle Diameter [CMO:0002695] — The diameter, that is the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of blood-derived chylomicron particles. Chylomicrons are a class of lipoproteins (approximate density range <0.95 g/ml) that transport exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol from the small intestine to other tissues.
- Blood Chylomicron Triglyceride Level [CMO:0002689] — Measurement of the amount of triglyceride (any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins) carried in chylomicron molecules in a specified volume of blood. Chylomicrons are a class of lipoproteins (approximate density range <0.95 g/ml) that transport exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol from the small intestine to other tissues.
- Blood Clusterin Level [CMO:0003043] — The amount of clusterin in a specific sample of blood. Clusterin is a secreted chaperone that can under some stress conditions also be found in the cell cytosol. It has been suggested to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Blood Coagulation Measurement [CMO:0000204] — Measurement to assess the sequential process through which multiple factors of the blood interact to form an insoluble fibrin clot.
- Blood Complement C3a Des Arg Level [CMO:0003053] — This is a measurement of the amount of C3a des Arg in a specified sample of blood. C3a des Arg is formed from C3a via carboxypeptidase cleavage of the C-terminal arginine group.
- Blood Copper Level [CMO:0003463] — The amount of copper, an essential dietary trace element, atomic number 29, involved in the formation of bone and blood as a necessary component of several enzymes, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Corticosterone Level [CMO:0001172] — The amount of corticosterone, a corticosteroid produced in the adrenal cortex that functions in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Cortisol Level [CMO:0000515] — The amount of cortisol, the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the adrenal cortex and which affects the metabolism of glucose, protein and fats, in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Creatine Kinase Activity Level [CMO:0002242] — The amount of enzymatic activity of creatine kinase (CK) enzyme in a specified sample of blood. CK catalyses the reversible transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens such as creatine phosphate. Blood CK level is used as an enzymatic marker for myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.
- Blood Creatinine Level [CMO:0000538] —
- Blood Creatinine Measurement [CMO:0000767] —
- Blood Cystatin C Level [CMO:0002777] — The amount of the protein cystatin C found in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Cystatin C is a member of the cystatin superfamily of proteins, is the most abundant extracellular inhibitor of cysteine proteases, and can be found in high concentrations in biological fluids.
- Blood Cystatin Level [CMO:0002776] — The amount of any cystatin (that is, of any member of the cystatin superfamily of proteins, many of which act as cysteine protease inhibitors) found in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Cytokine Measurement [CMO:0001924] — Any measurement related to a morphological or physiological parameter, such as the amount or composition, of cytokines in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. A cytokine is a type of nonantibody protein released by a cell population on contact with specific antigen, which acts as an intercellular mediator, as in the generation of an immune response.
- Blood Dehydroepiandrosterone Level [CMO:0000510] —
- Blood Differential Leukocyte Count to Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002350] — A calculated measurement in which the number of white blood cells of one or more specific types in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. Lymphocytes constitute a type of leukocyte that are mononuclear; nongranular; characterized by a generally round, deeply staining nucleus containing dense chromatin; and are instrumental in the development of immunity.
- Blood Differential Leukocyte Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002349] — A calculated measurement in which the number of white blood cells of one or more specific types in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of white blood cells in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood Differential White Blood Cell Count [CMO:0000366] — The number of each type of leukocyte present in a specific volume of blood, usually 1 cubic millimeter.
- Blood Digoxin Metabolism Measurement [CMO:0003180] —
- Blood Dihydrotestosterone Level [CMO:0000511] —
- Blood Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Activity Level [CMO:0003010] —
- Blood Direct Renin Activity Level [CMO:0000113] — Measurement of the amount of renin activity in a specified sample of blood via the direct immunologic detection of the renin protein in the sample and subsequent conversion of the protein level to an activity level.
- Blood Dopamine Level [CMO:0001782] — Measurement of the amount of dopamine, a catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter formed by the decarboxylation of dopa, which is an intermediate product in the synthesis of norepinephrine and is involved motor control, cognition, and reward, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Electrolyte Measurement [CMO:0000063] — A quantification of one or more mineral salts found in the blood in the form of electrically charged ions.
- Blood Enzyme Activity Level [CMO:0000064] — Any quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by an enzyme in a specified sample of blood. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reaction(s).
- Blood Enzyme Measurement [CMO:0002498] — Any measurement of a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reaction(s) in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Enzyme Protein Level [CMO:0002499] — Measurement of the amount of an enzyme in a specified sample of blood, measured as the quantitation of the protein itself, rather than as the assessment of catalytic activity attributable to that enzyme.
- Blood Eosinophil Count [CMO:0000033] — The number of granulocytes categorized as eosinophils in a specified sample of blood. An eosinophil is a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with two lobes connected by a thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules of uniform size that stain readily with eosin and other acid dyes.
- Blood Eosinophil Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000369] — A calculated measurement in which the number of eosinophil granulocytes is divided by the number of all white blood cells in a specified sample of peripheral venous blood, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. An eosinophil is a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with two lobes connected by a thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules of uniform size that stain readily with eosin and other acid dyes.
- Blood Epinephrine Level [CMO:0001006] — Measurement of the amount of epinephrine, a catecholamine which can act as a neurotransmitter, a stress hormone, a stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system and a vasoconstrictor, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Estradiol Level [CMO:0000513] —
- Blood Ethanol Clearance Rate [CMO:0001772] — A calculated measurement of the decrease in the concentration (the amount per unit of volume) of ethanol, the colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, CH3CH2OH, produced by yeast fermentation of carbohydrates or synthesized by hydration of ethylene, in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them, per unit time.
- Blood Ethanol Level [CMO:0000535] — The amount of ethanol, the colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, CH3CH2OH, produced by yeast fermentation of carbohydrates or synthesized by hydration of ethylene, found in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Ethanol Level at Loss of Balance/traction [CMO:0002290] — The amount of ethanol--the colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, CH3CH2OH, produced by yeast fermentation of carbohydrates or synthesized by hydration of ethylene--in the blood at the point in time when a subject displays a loss of the ability to balance, that is, to maintain bodily equilibrium and postural control to keep the body's center of mass within its base of support, due to consumption of ethanol.
- Blood Ethanol Level at Regain of Balance/traction [CMO:0002291] — The amount of ethanol--the colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, CH3CH2OH, produced by yeast fermentation of carbohydrates or synthesized by hydration of ethylene--in the blood at the point in time when a subject again demonstrates the ability to balance, that is, to maintain bodily equilibrium and postural control to keep the body's center of mass within its base of support, after that ability has been lost due to ethanol consumption.
- Blood Ethanol Level at Regain of the Righting Reflex [CMO:0002288] — The amount of ethanol--the colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, CH3CH2OH, produced by yeast fermentation of carbohydrates or synthesized by hydration of ethylene--in the blood at the point in time when a subject again demonstrates the ability to assume an optimal position when there has been a departure from it, after that ability has been lost due to alcohol consumption.
- Blood Fibrinogen Level [CMO:0000209] — Measurement of the amount of fibrinogen in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein comprised of three pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains; cleavage products of fibrinogen have a major role in blood clotting as well as roles in cell adhesion and spreading, display vasoconstrictor activity, and can function as chemotactic and mitogenic agents for several cell types.
- Blood Flow Rate [CMO:0000196] — The volume of blood flowing through a vessel or organ per unit of time.
- Blood Flow Velocity [CMO:0001476] — The speed at which the blood flows through the circulatory system or through a specific segment of a vein or artery, expressed as distance per unit of time.
- Blood Free Fatty Acids Level [CMO:0000117] — The amount of free fatty acids found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Fructosamine Level [CMO:0002855] — The amount of fructosamine, the compound that results from glycation reactions between a sugar and a primary amine, followed by isomerization via the Amadori rearrangement, found in a specific volume of blood
- Blood Galanin Level [CMO:0003030] — The amount of galanin in a specified sample of blood. Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the Gal gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals.
- Blood Gamma-glutamyltransferase Activity Level [CMO:0002239] — The amount of enzymatic activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in a specified sample of blood. GGT catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety of glutathione to an acceptor such as amino acid, a peptide or water. Blood GGT level is used as an enzymatic marker for liver disease or damage.
- Blood Gas Measurement [CMO:0001321] — Any measurement of a gas or gases dissolved in the blood, including oxygen, nitrogen carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen.
- Blood Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Level [CMO:0003640] — The amount of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, a 42-amino-acid hormone that is produced by enteroendocrine K-cells and released into the circulation in response to nutrient stimulation, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Globulin Level [CMO:0002398] — Measurement of the amount of globulins, a broad category of plasma proteins, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Globulin Measurement [CMO:0002397] — The quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of blood globulins, a broad category of proteins classified by solubility, electrophoretic mobility, and size. Globulins comprise the most or all of the non-albumin plasma proteins in blood and include carrier proteins, acute phase reactants, clotting factors, complement components, and immunoglobulins.
- Blood Glomerular Filtration Rate, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration Formula (CKE-EPI) [CMO:0000492] — A calculated measurement which estimates the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), that is, the volume of fluid filtered from the renal capillaries per unit time, based on the serum creatinine level and adjusted for gender.
- Blood Glomerular Filtration Rate, Diet in Renal Disease Formula (MDRD) [CMO:0000491] —
- Blood Glomerular Filtration Rate, May Quadratic Formula [CMO:0000493] —
- Blood Glomerular Filtration Rate, Schwartz Formula [CMO:0000494] —
- Blood Glucagon Level [CMO:0001294] — The amount of glucagon, a peptide secreted by pancreatic alpha cells which plays an important role in regulation of blood glucose concentration, ketone metabolism, and other biochemical and physiological processes, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Level [CMO:0003637] — The amount of glucagon-like peptide 1, a peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS, in a specified volume of blood. GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.
- Blood Glucocorticoid Level [CMO:0000040] — The amount of glucocorticoids, steroids produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Glucose Level [CMO:0000046] — Measurement of the amount of glucose, the monosaccharide sugar, C6H12O6, occurring widely in plant and animal tissues which is one of the three dietary monosaccharides that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion, is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Glucose Level Area Under Curve (AUC) [CMO:0000350] — A calculated value in which a series of measurements of the amount of glucose, the monosaccharide sugar, C6H12O6, occurring widely in plant and animal tissues which is one of the three dietary monosaccharides that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion, is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism, and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, in a specified volume of blood is plotted against time for a single individual and the extent of the two dimensional region bounded by the curve and the axes of the graph is determined.
- Blood Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity Level [CMO:0002474] — Measurement of the amount of ezymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, the enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate (ie, the reversible conversion of glutamic acid to 2-oxoglutaric acid and ammonia), in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Glutathione Level [CMO:0002432] — The amount of glutathione in a specified sample of blood. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain.
- Blood Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Level [CMO:0002441] — The amount of ezymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase in a specified sample of blood. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of two glutathiones with H2O2, forming glutathione disulfide and two water molecules, and is a crucial enzyme in hydrogen peroxide detoxification.
- Blood Glutathione S-transferase-alpha Level [CMO:0003045] —
- Blood Glutathione S-transferase-mu Level [CMO:0003047] — Measurement of the amount of glutathione S-transferase-mu (GST-u)in a specific sample of blood. GST-u functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione.
- Blood Glycated Albumin Level [CMO:0002898] —
- Blood Glycated Albumin Level to Blood Albumin Level Ratio [CMO:0002899] —
- Blood Glycerol Level [CMO:0002679] — The amount of free glycerol, a trihydroxy sugar alcohol produced by lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue and a precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in the body, found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Granulocyte Count [CMO:0000111] — The number of granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) in a specified volume of blood, usually 1 cubic millimeter.
- Blood Granulocyte Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000367] — A calculated measurement in which the number of all granulocytes (regardless of type) in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of white blood cells in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood Growth Hormone Level [CMO:0001227] — Measurement of the amount of growth hormone, a polypeptide hormone which promotes body growth and fat mobilization and inhibits glucose utilization, in a specified volume of whole blood.
- Blood Haptoglobin Level [CMO:0002519] — Measurement of the amount of haptoglobin in a specified sample of blood. Haptoglobin is a serum alpha2 globulin glycoprotein, produced by the liver, that functions to bind free plasma hemoglobin, which allows degradative enzymes to gain access to the hemoglobin, while at the same time preventing loss of iron through the kidneys and protecting the kidneys from damage by hemoglobin.
- Blood Hemoglobin A1c Level [CMO:0002786] — A calculated measurement in which the amount of hemoglobin A1c (hemoglobin glycosylated as a result of the nonenzymatic attachment of a glucose/hexose moiety) in a specified sample of blood is divided by the amount of total hemoglobin in that same sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood Hemoglobin Level [CMO:0000026] — The amount of hemoglobin, the red oxygen-carrying pigment of erythrocytes, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Hesperetin Level [CMO:0003003] — The amount of hesperetin found in a specified volume of blood. Hesperetin belongs to the flavanone class of flavonoids. Hesperetin, in the form of its glycoside Hesperidin, is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and oranges.
- Blood High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level [CMO:0000052] — Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The HDL class of lipoproteins, specifically the subtypes of HDL2 and HDL3, have densities between 1.063 and 1.210 g/ml.
- Blood High Density Lipoprotein Particle Diameter [CMO:0002692] — The diameter, that is the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of blood-derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The HDL class of lipoproteins, specifically the subtypes of HDL2 and HDL3, have densities between 1.063 and 1.210 g/ml.
- Blood High Density Lipoprotein Phospholipid Level [CMO:0001565] — Measurement of the amount of phospholipid, any of various phosphorus-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol, carried in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The HDL class of lipoproteins, specifically the subtypes of HDL2 and HDL3, have densities between 1.063 and 1.210 g/ml.
- Blood High Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Level [CMO:0002686] — Measurement of the amount of triglyceride (any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins) carried in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The HDL class of lipoproteins, specifically the subtypes of HDL2 and HDL3, have densities between 1.063 and 1.210 g/ml.
- Blood Hormone Level [CMO:0001003] — Measurement of the amount in blood of any complex chemical substance produced in one part or organ of the body that initiates or regulates the activity of an organ or a group of cells in another part of the body.
- Blood Immunoglobulin A Level [CMO:0002094] — The amount in a specified sample of blood of one or more types of immunoglobulin A (IgA), one of the most prevalent of the five classes of antibodies produced by the body. IgA is found in all secretions of the body and is the major antibody in the tears, saliva, and mucous membranes lining the intestines and bronchi, constituting an important factor in mucosal immunity.
- Blood Immunoglobulin D Level [CMO:0002093] — The amount in a specified sample of blood of one or more types of immunoglobulin D (IgD), one of the five classes of antibodies produced by the body. IgD is found in small amounts in serum, and although its precise function is not known, IgD increases in quantity during allergic reactions to milk, insulin, penicillin, and various toxins.
- Blood Immunoglobulin E Level [CMO:0002099] — The amount in a specified sample of blood of one or more types of immunoglobulin E (IgE), one of the five classes of antibodies produced by the body which is concentrated in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes and, as a primary defense against environmental antigens, can trigger anaphylactic hypersensitivity.
- Blood Immunoglobulin G Level [CMO:0002091] — The amount in a specified sample of blood of one or more types of immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant class of antibodies found in blood serum and lymph. IgG antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles, and trigger action of the complement system.
- Blood Immunoglobulin M Level [CMO:0002092] — The amount in a specified sample of blood of one or more types of immunoglobulin M (IgM), one of the five classes of antibodies produced by the body. IgM is found in circulating body fluids and is the first class of antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen.
- Blood Immunoglobulin Measurement [CMO:0001531] — Any measurement related to immunoglobulins, any of several classes of proteins produced by plasma cells and lymphocytes which play essential roles in the immune system, for example, attaching to foreign substances in an effort to destroy them, in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Insulin Level [CMO:0000349] — The amount of insulin, the fuel-regulating peptide hormone which is formed from proinsulin in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets and which promotes the storage of glucose and the uptake of amino acids, increases protein and lipid synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and gluconeogenesis, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Insulin Level Area Under Curve (AUC) [CMO:0000351] — A calculated value in which a series of measurements of the amount of insulin in a specified volume of blood is plotted against time for a single individual and the extent of the two dimensional region bounded by the curve and the axes of the graph is determined. Insulin is the fuel-regulating peptide hormone which is formed from proinsulin in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets and which promotes the storage of glucose and the uptake of amino acids, increases protein and lipid synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and gluconeogenesis.
- Blood Insulin Level AUC to Blood Glucose Level AUC Ratio [CMO:0003000] — The calculated value blood insulin level area under curve divided by the calculated blood glucose level area under curve. Area under the curve for blood glucose or insulin is a value in which a series of measurements of the amount of insulin or glucose in a specified volume of blood is plotted against time for a single individual and the extent of the two dimensional region bounded by the curve and the axes of the graph is determined.
- Blood Insulin to Glucagon Ratio [CMO:0001359] — A calculated measurement in which the amount of insulin in a sample of blood is divided by the amount of glucagon in that sample and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to the glucagon level.
- Blood Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Level [CMO:0001297] — The amount of insulin-like growth factor 1, a basic peptide with growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities which is largely dependent on growth hormone, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Level [CMO:0001302] — The amount of insulin-like growth factor 1, a neutral peptide with growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities which is largely dependent on somatotropin, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Interleukin Measurement [CMO:0001925] — Any measurement related to a morphological or physiological parameter, such as the amount or composition, of interleukins in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Interleukins comprise a group of multifunctional cytokines that are produced by a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells and whose effects occur at least partly within the lymphopoietic system.
- Blood Interleukin-4 Level [CMO:0003065] —
- Blood Interleukin-6 Level [CMO:0001926] — Measurement of the amount of interleukin-6 (IL6) in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. IL6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and an anti-inflammatory cytokine with functions in inflammation and the maturation of B cells.
- Blood Interleukin-9 Level [CMO:0003067] —
- Blood Intermediate Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level [CMO:0001562] — Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. IDL are relatively large lipoprotein particles (complex es that consist of protein surrounding a core of lipids) formed by degradation of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles and thus having a size intermediate between those of VLDL and LDL. The IDL class of lipoproteins is defined as having a density between 1.006 and 1.019 g/ml.
- Blood Intermediate Density Lipoprotein Phospholipid Level [CMO:0001574] — Measurement of the amount of phospholipid, any of various phosphorus-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol, carried in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. IDL are relatively large lipoprotein particles (complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids) formed by degradation of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles and thus having a size intermediate between those of VLDL and low density lipoproteins. The IDL class of lipoproteins is defined as having a density between 1.006 and 1.019 g/ml.
- Blood KIM-1/TIM-1/HAVCR1 [CMO:0003059] — The amount of hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1)in a specified volume of blood. HAVCR1is also called kidney injury molecule 1(KIM1)and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin family member 1 (TIM-1).
- Blood Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Level [CMO:0000666] — The amount of ezymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a specified volume of blood. LDH is the enzyme which catalyses the reaction S)-lactate + NAD(+) <=> pyruvate + NADH. Blood LDH level can be used as a marker for tissue damage.
- Blood Lactate Level [CMO:0001303] — The amount of lactate, a salt of lactic acid which is produced in the body by anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrate, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Leptin Level [CMO:0000779] —
- Blood Lipase Activity Level [CMO:0003753] — Any quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by lipase in a specified sample of blood. Lipase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lipids. It's normal to have a small amount of lipase in blood, but a high level of lipase can mean the subject has some type of pancreatic disease.
- Blood Lipid Measurement [CMO:0000050] — Any value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of a blood-derived lipid, any of a structurally diverse group of organic compounds found in blood that are insoluble in water but soluble innonpolar solvents that, among other biological functions, serve as a source of fuel and are an important constituent of cell structure.
- Blood Lipocalin 2 Level [CMO:0003055] — The amount of lipocalin 2 in a specified volume of blood. Lipocalin 2 belongs to the lipocalin family. Members of this family transport small hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, steroid hormones and retinoids.
- Blood Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level [CMO:0002696] — Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in lipoprotein molecules in a specified volume of blood. Lipoprotein particles are complexes that consist of protein surrounding a core of lipids.
- Blood Lipoprotein Level [CMO:0000119] — The amount of lipoproteins, any of a group of conjugated proteins that have at least one lipid component, in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Lipoprotein Measurement [CMO:0002690] — A value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of a blood-derived lipoprotein, any of a class of complex molecules found in blood that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids.
- Blood Lipoprotein Particle Diameter [CMO:0002691] — The diameter, that is the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of a blood-derived lipoprotein particle, a complex molecule found in blood that consists of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids.
- Blood Lipoprotein Phospholipid Level [CMO:0002697] — Measurement of the amount of phospholipid, any of various phosphorus-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol, carried in lipoprotein molecules in a specified volume of blood. Lipoprotein particles are complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids.
- Blood Lipoprotein Triglyceride Level [CMO:0002685] — Measurement of the amount of triglyceride (any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins) carried in lipoprotein particles (complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids) in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level [CMO:0000053] — Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. LDL constitute a class of relatively large, heterogeneous lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The LDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml. In some animal species, such as canine and rodents, this may overlap with the HDL1 class and be designated LDL/HDL1.
- Blood Low Density Lipoprotein Particle Diameter [CMO:0002693] — The diameter, that is the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of blood-derived low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. LDL constitute a class of relatively large, heterogeneous lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The LDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml. In some animal species, such as canine and rodents, this may overlap with the HDL1 class and be designated LDL/HDL1.
- Blood Low Density Lipoprotein Phospholipid Level [CMO:0001568] — Measurement of the amount of phospholipid, any of various phosphorus-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol, carried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. LDL constitute a class of relatively large, heterogeneous lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The LDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml. In some animal species, such as canine and rodents, this may overlap with the HDL1 class and be designated LDL/HDL1.
- Blood Low Density Lipoprotein Specific Apolipoprotein B Level [CMO:0000525] —
- Blood Low Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Level [CMO:0002687] — Measurement of the amount of triglyceride (any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins) carried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood. LDL constitute a class of relatively large, heterogeneous lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The LDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml. In some animal species, such as canine and rodents, this may overlap with the HDL1 class and be designated LDL/HDL1.
- Blood Lutenizing Hormone Level [CMO:0003032] — Measurement of the amount in blood of lutenizing hormone (LH) produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, LH stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone.
- Blood Lymphocyte Count [CMO:0000031] — The number of lymphocytes in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Lymphocyte Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000371] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of white blood cells in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood Magnesium Level [CMO:0000505] —
- Blood Malondialdehyde Level [CMO:0002447] — The amount of malondialdehyde in a specified sample of blood. Malondialdehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CHO)2. It is a reactive species which occurs naturally, is generally found in the enol form (HOCH=CH-CHO), and is a marker for oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde is the substrate for the TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay.
- Blood Measurement [CMO:0000035] — A measurement of the blood, it's contents, cells or other factors contained within the blood.
- Blood Metabolite Measurement [CMO:0003699] — A quantification of a parameter of a substance in the blood essential to the metabolism of a particular organism or to a particular metabolic process. In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism. The term metabolite is usually used for small molecules.
- Blood Mineral Measurement [CMO:0003462] — Any measurement of an inorganic element or compound containing a metal, nonmetal, radical, or phosphate that is needed for proper body function and maintenance of health, in blood.
- Blood Monoamine Hormone Level [CMO:0001005] — Measurement of the amount in blood of an amine compound containing one amino group and derived from an aromatic amino acid, that is produced in one part or organ of the body and initiates or regulates the activity of an organ or a group of cells in another part of the body.
- Blood Monocyte Count [CMO:0000032] — The number of monocytes in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Monocyte Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000374] — A calculated measurement in which the number of monocytes in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of white blood cells in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood Mononuclear Cell Count [CMO:0001495] — Measurement of the number of white blood cells, including lymphocytes and monocytes, with a single round or oval nucleus in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Murinoglobulin 1 Level [CMO:0001929] — Measurement of the amount of murinoglobulin 1 (MUG1) in blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. MUG1 is a putative protease inhibitor related to alpha-2-macroglobulin and involved in the acute phase inflammatory response.
- Blood Myoglobin Level [CMO:0003909] — The amount of myoglobin in a specified volume of blood. Myoglobin is an iron-containing protein similar to hemoglobin that is found in muscle.
- Blood NAG Activity Level [CMO:0003485] — The amount of enzymatic activity of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) in a specified sample of blood. N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) is an intracellular lysosomal enzyme, present in the S3 segment of proximal tubular cells and distal nephron.
- Blood NAGA Activity Level [CMO:0002875] —
- Blood Natural Killer Cell Count [CMO:0001085] — The number of natural killer (NK) cells in a specified volume of blood. NK cells are cells capable of mediating cytotoxic reactions without themselves being specifically sensitized against the target and are critical to the innate immune system.
- Blood Natural Killer Cell Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002353] — A calculated measurement in which the number of natural killer (NK) cells in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. NK cells are cells capable of mediating cytotoxic reactions without themselves being specifically sensitized against the target and are critical to the innate immune system.
- Blood Natural Killer T Cell Count [CMO:0001086] — The number of natural killer T (NKT) cells in a specified volume of blood. NKT cells are a specialized population of T cells that express both a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR alpha beta) and surface antigens typically associated with natural killer cells.
- Blood Neutrophil Count [CMO:0000030] — The number of granulocytes categorized as neutrophils in a specified volume of blood. A neutrophil is, or is in the process of becoming, a granular leucocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by threads of chromatin, cytoplasm containing very fine granules, and which is readily stainable with neutral dyes.
- Blood Neutrophil Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000370] — A calculated measurement in which the number of neutrophil granulocytes is divided by the number of all white blood cells in a specified sample of peripheral venous blood, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. A neutrophil is, or is in the process of becoming, a granular leucocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by threads of chromatin, cytoplasm containing very fine granules, and which is readily stainable with neutral dyes.
- Blood NH2-terminal Pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide Level [CMO:0002876] — This is a measurement of the amount of N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NPPB) in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Nifedipine Level [CMO:0003135] —
- Blood Nifedipine Metabolism Measurement [CMO:0003159] —
- Blood Non-high Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level [CMO:0003967] — This is a calculated measurement in which the value for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in a specified sample of blood is subtracted from the value for total cholesterol in that same sample. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids
- Blood Non-specified Leukocyte Count [CMO:0002340] — The number of white blood cells that have not been identified or categorized as a specific type of cell in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Norepinephrine Level [CMO:0001009] — Measurement of the amount of norepinephrine, a catecholamine which can act as a neurotransmitter, a stress hormone and a vasoconstrictor, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Orosomucoid 1 Level [CMO:0001465] — The amount of the acute-phase reactant orosomucoid 1 (ORM1; alpha-1-acid glycoprotein), a member of the lipocalin protein family which is upregulated during inflammation, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Osteocalcin Level [CMO:0002821] —
- Blood Osteopontin Level [CMO:0003057] —
- Blood Oxidized Glutathione Level [CMO:0002437] — The amount of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in a specified sample of blood. GSSG is a molecule produced when glutathione is used as a reducing agent in a biochemical reaction, and consists of a pair of glutathione molecules connected by a disulfide bridge between their cysteine residues.
- Blood Oxidized LDL Level [CMO:0003196] —
- Blood Oxygen Measurement [CMO:0001323] —
- Blood Parathyroid Hormone Level [CMO:0002961] —
- Blood Peptide Hormone Level [CMO:0000286] — Measurement of the amount in blood of a molecular chain compound composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds that is produced in one part or organ of the body and initiates or regulates the activity of an organ or a group of cells in another part of the body.
- Blood pH [CMO:0000379] — Blood pH is a measure of its acidity and is determined by the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Phosphate Level [CMO:0000504] — The amount of phosphorus, measured as inorganic phosphate, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Phospholipid Level [CMO:0001169] — Measurement of the amount of any of various phosphorus-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule found in a specified volume of whole blood.
- Blood Phytosterol Level [CMO:0002051] — The amount of one or more phytosterols in a specified sample of blood. Phytosterols, which encompass both plant sterols and stanols, comprise a large group of steroid compounds similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.
- Blood Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Level [CMO:0003034] — a measurement of the amount of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)in the blood. PAI-1 is a serine protease inhibitor protein that functions as the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the activators of plasminogen and hence fibrinolysis (the physiological breakdown of blood clots).
- Blood Potassium Level [CMO:0000496] — The amount of potassium ions in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Pressure Measurement [CMO:0000003] — Measurement of the pressure, or force per area, exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels. The pressure is dependent on the energy of the heart action, elasticity of the vessel walls and volume and viscosity of the blood.
- Blood Pressure Time Series Average Exponential Scaling Factor of the Baroreceptor Response [CMO:0002594] — The average exponential scaling factor parameter of the blood pressure time series baroreceptor response calculation.
- Blood Pressure Time Series Baroreceptor Response Calculation Parameter [CMO:0002590] — A mathematical and statistical variable in a model system that partially or completely characterises the baroreceptor response in a blood pressure time series calculation. The baroreceptor response is the system whereby specific nerve terminals that stabilize moment to moment blood pressure variability in the carotid sinus and aortic arch sense deviations from the baseline pressure and initiate signals that dampens such deviations.
- Blood Pressure Time Series Calculated Parameter [CMO:0002589] — A calculated parameter derived from a a sequence of blood pressure measurements taken sequentially and ordered in time. A parameter is a mathematical and statistical variable in a model system that partially or completely characterises the mathematical model.
- Blood Pressure Time Series Experimental Set Point of the Baroreceptor Response [CMO:0002593] — The experimental set point parameter of the blood pressure time series baroreceptor response calculation.
- Blood Pressure Time Series First Order Moving Average Coefficient [CMO:0002591] — The first order coefficient parameter derived from a blood pressure time series moving average (also known as a rolling average, running average, moving mean, or rolling mean) calculation.
- Blood Pressure Time Series Fractal Parameter [CMO:0002592] — The fractal parameter derived from a blood pressure time series calculation based on a autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average time series model (ARFIMA, FARIMA, or fARIMA).
- Blood Pressure Time Series Linear Term First Order Parameter [CMO:0002595] — A parameter based on a blood pressure time series calculation using a first order mechanistic model.
- Blood Pressure Time Series Linear Term Second Order Parameter [CMO:0002596] — A parameter based on a blood pressure time series calculation using a second order mechanistic model.
- Blood Pro-A-type Natriuretic Peptide Level [CMO:0003505] — This is a measurement of the amount of pro hormone ANP (NPPA) peptides (proANP 1-30 [first 30 amino acids(a.a) of the 126 a.a atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) prohormone], proANP 31-67 (a.a 31-67), and/or full length proANP (a.a 1-126) in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood ProANF 31-67 Peptide Level [CMO:0003506] — This is a measurement of the amount of proANF 31-67 (a.a 31-67 of the amino terminal of pro hormone ANP (Nppa)) in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Progesterone Level [CMO:0000514] —
- Blood Prolactin Level [CMO:0001822] — The amount of prolactin found in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Prolactin is a peptide hormone which is secreted by the anterior pituitary and is involved in lactation, growth regulation for tissues including cells of the immune system, and possibly supression of apoptosis. A peptide hormone is a complex organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur consisting of alpha-amino acids joined by peptide linkages, and that is produced in one part or organ of the body and initiates or regulates the activity of an organ or a group of cells in another part of the body.
- Blood Protein Measurement [CMO:0000028] — Any measurement involving the amount, composition or type of protein, the complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur consisting of alpha-amino acids joined by peptide linkages, in blood.
- Blood Pyrophosphate Level [CMO:0003229] — This is a measure of pyrophosphates in a given volume of blood. Pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a P-O-P linkage with the formula O7P2.
- Blood Pyruvate Level [CMO:0002422] — The amount of pyruvate in a specified sample of blood. Pyruvate is the anion/salt of pyruvic acid; it is the end product of glycolysis and may be metabolized to lactate or to acetyl CoA.
- Blood Quinidine Metabolism Measurement [CMO:0003181] —
- Blood R73 Cell Count [CMO:0001119] — Measurement of the number of lymphocytes expressing a surface antigen recognised by R73 in a specified volume of whole blood. R73 is a monoclonal antibody that appears to be specific for a constant determinant of the rat alpha/beta heterodimeric T cell receptor.
- Blood R73 Cell to Total Mononuclear Cell Ratio [CMO:0001120] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes in a sample of blood which express a surface antigen recognised by R73 is divided by the total number of mononuclear cells in that sample, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a one-lobed nucleus and without cytoplasmic granules.
- Blood Reactive Oxygen Metabolite Level [CMO:0003198] — This is a measure of derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites (dROMs) in blood. Derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites are an indicator of the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
- Blood Reduced Glutathione Level [CMO:0002438] — The amount of reduced glutathione (GSH) in a specified sample of blood. GSH is an antioxidant tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. In GSH (as opposed to the oxidized form, GSSG) the thiol group on the cysteine is in its reduced form, that is, it contains a hydrogen atom and does not form a disulfide bridge with a second glutathione molecule.
- Blood Regulatory T Cell Count [CMO:0000600] — Measurement of the number of T lymphocytes (T cell) whose function is control or suppression of the T cell mediated immune response. Regulatory T cells are generally distinguished from other classes of lymphocytes on the basis of the presence and/or absence of a number of specific cell surface marker proteins.
- Blood Regulatory T Cell Count to Total T Cell Count Ratio [CMO:0003166] —
- Blood Renin Activity Level [CMO:0000115] — The amount of ezymatic activity of renin, an enzyme which catalyzes cleavage of the leucine-leucine bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Retinol Level [CMO:0002457] — The amount of retinol in a specified volume of blood. Retinol is a 20-carbon primary alcohol in any of several isomers that is the form of vitamin A found in mammals and that can be converted to the metabolically active forms retinal and retinoic acid.
- Blood Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003337] —
- Blood RT6.1 Cell Count [CMO:0001100] —
- Blood RT6.1 Positive Cell Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002356] — A calculated measurement in which the number of lymphocytes expressing the RT6.1 antigen on their surface in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. RT6 is a surface marker expressed in rodents on most mature peripheral T lymphocytes but not on thymocytes or on other haematopoietic cells.
- Blood RT6.2 Cell Count [CMO:0001101] —
- Blood Segmented Neutrophil Count [CMO:0002335] — The number of granulocytes categorized as mature, segmented neutrophils in a specified volume of blood. A mature neutrophil is a granular leucocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by threads of chromatin, cytoplasm containing very fine granules, and which is readily stainable with neutral dyes.
- Blood Segmented Neutrophil Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002337] — A calculated measurement in which the number of mature, segmented neutrophil granulocytes is divided by the number of all white blood cells in a specified sample of peripheral venous blood, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. A segmented neutrophil is a fully mature granular leucocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by threads of chromatin, cytoplasm containing very fine granules, and which is readily stainable with neutral dyes.
- Blood Sex Steroid Level [CMO:0000124] — The amount of sex steroids, hormones which interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors, found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Sodium Level [CMO:0000499] — The amount of sodium ions in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Sorbital Dehydrogenase Level [CMO:0003277] — Quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by Sorbitol dehydrogenase in a specified sample of blood. Sorbitol dehydrogenase is an enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism converting sorbitol, the sugar alcohol form of glucose, into fructose.
- Blood Steroid Hormone Level [CMO:0001004] — Measurement of the amount in blood of an organic compound the basis of which is a characteristic arrangement of four fused cycloalkane rings, i.e. three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring, that is produced in one part or organ of the body and initiates or regulates the activity of an organ or a group of cells in another part of the body.
- Blood Steroid Level [CMO:0000039] — The level of steroids found in a specific volume of blood.
- Blood Sterol Level [CMO:0002048] — The amount of sterol, any of a group of steroids with a long (8 to 10 carbons) aliphatic side-chain at position 17 and at least one alcoholic group, in a specified sample of blood.
- Blood Superoxide Dismutase Activity Level [CMO:0002444] — The amount of ezymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a specified sample of blood. SOD is a metalloprotein enzyme that catalyses the conversion of highly reactive superoxide radicals (O2-) to the less toxic products hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and molecular oxygen (O2).
- Blood Symmetric Dimethylarginine Level [CMO:0003733] — Measurement of the amount of symmetric dimethylarginine, an arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups, in blood. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a toxic, non-proteinogenic amino acid formed by post-translational modification and is a uremic toxin that inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production. SDMA has two methyl groups each bound to different nitrogens of the parental arginine molecule.
- Blood T Lymphocyte Count [CMO:0000110] — The number of T lymphocytes in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood T Lymphocyte Count to Total Leukocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0000373] — A calculated measurement in which the number of T lymphocytes in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of white blood cells in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Blood T Lymphocyte Count to Total Lymphocyte Count Ratio [CMO:0002352] — A calculated measurement in which the number of T cells in a specified sample of blood is divided by the total number of lymphocytes in the sample, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage. T cells are thymus-dependent lymphocytes, that is, those that pass through or are influenced by the thymus before migrating to tissues, and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity, as well as, in some cases, activating and deactivating other immune cells.
- Blood Testosterone Level [CMO:0000512] —
- Blood Th1 Cell Count [CMO:0001103] —
- Blood Th2 Cell Count [CMO:0001104] —
- Blood Thyroid Hormone Level [CMO:0001287] — The amount of one or more thyroid hormones, that is, hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Level [CMO:0001247] — Measurement of the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone, a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates and regulates activity of the thyroid gland, in a specified volume of whole blood.
- Blood Thyroxine Level [CMO:0001288] — The amount of thyroxine, the major hormone derived from the thyroid gland which regulates cellular metabolism, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Level [CMO:0003049] — Measurement of the amount of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1)in a specific sample of blood. TIMP-1 belongs to the TIMP gene family. The proteins encoded by this gene family are natural inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. In addition to its inhibitory role against most of the known MMPs, the encoded protein is able to promote cell proliferation in a wide range of cell types, and may also have an anti-apoptotic function.
- Blood Total Cholesterol Level [CMO:0000051] — Measurement of the entire amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, without taking into account any association with other molecules such as lipoproteins, in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Triglyceride Level [CMO:0000118] — The amount of triglycerides in a specific volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Triglycerides are any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins.
- Blood Triiodothyronine Level [CMO:0001291] — The amount of triiodothyronine, a hormone synthesized and secreted by the thyroid which constitutes the main thyroid hormone used by the tissues, in a specified volume of blood.
- Blood Triiodothyronine to Thyroxine Ratio [CMO:0001361] — A calculated measurement in which the amount of triiodothyronine in a specified volume of blood is divided by the amount of thyroxine in the same sample and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to thyroxine level.
- Blood Troponin Level [CMO:0001283] —
- Blood Troponin T Level [CMO:0001284] — The amount in a specified volume of whole blood of troponin T, one subunit of a complex of three regulatory proteins required for skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction; used as an indicator for myocardial damage.
- Blood Type I Collagen C-terminal Telopeptide Level [CMO:0002818] — The amount of type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide in a specified volume of blood. The C-terminal telopeptide can be used as a biomarker in the serum to measure the rate of bone turnover.
- Blood Tyrosinase Activity Level [CMO:0002529] — Quantitation of the catalytic effect exerted by tyrosinase (Tyr) in a specified sample of blood. Tyr is a copper-containing enzyme of plant and animal tissues that catalyzes the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation. Tyr is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin.
- Blood Urea Level [CMO:0003876] — This is the level of urea in the blood; converted from urea nitrogen to urea concentration by multiplying urea nitrogen concentration by 60/28 or 2.14. Urea is the chief nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism in whole blood. Urea is formed in the liver from amino acids and from ammonia compounds and can be found in urine, blood, and lymph.
- Blood Urea Nitrogen Level [CMO:0000049] — The level of urea in the blood in terms of nitrogen content; converted to urea concentration by multiplying by 60/28 or 2.14. Urea is the chief nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism in whole blood. Urea is formed in the liver from amino acids and from ammonia compounds and can be found in urine, blood, and lymph.
- Blood Uric Acid Level [CMO:0000501] — The amount of uric acid, a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen,the end product of purine catabolism, in a specified sample of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them.
- Blood Urotensin II Level [CMO:0003213] —
- Blood Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Level [CMO:0003051] —
- Blood Vasopressin Level [CMO:0002904] — The amount of vasopressin in a specified volume of blood. Vasopressin belongs to family of cyclic nonapeptide hormones found in most mammals. Synthesised in the hypothalamus and stored in the post-pituitary, vasopressins play a key role in homeostasis, particularly in regulating the body's water content. Together with the similar neuropeptide oxytocin, they are believed to influence social cognition and behaviour
- Blood Verapamil Metabolism Measurement [CMO:0003171] —
- Blood Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level [CMO:0000648] — Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. VLDL constitute a class of large (e.g. approximately 30-80 nm in diameter) lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The VLDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 0.95 and 1.006 g/ml.
- Blood Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particle Diameter [CMO:0002694] — The diameter, that is the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of blood-derived very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. VLDL constitute a class of large (e.g. approximately 30-80 nm in diameter) lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The VLDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 0.95 and 1.006 g/ml.
- Blood Very Low Density Lipoprotein Phospholipid Level [CMO:0001571] — Measurement of the amount of phospholipid, any of various phosphorus-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol, carried in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. VLDL constitute a class of large (e.g. approximately 30-80 nm in diameter) lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The VLDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 0.95 and 1.006 g/ml.
- Blood Very Low Density Lipoprotein Specific Apolipoprotein B Level [CMO:0000526] —
- Blood Very Low Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Level [CMO:0002688] — Measurement of the amount of triglyceride (any of a group of lipids that are esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of one or more fatty acids, are widespread in adipose tissue, and commonly circulate in the blood in the form of lipoproteins) carried in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood. VLDL constitute a class of large (e.g. approximately 30-80 nm in diameter) lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The VLDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 0.95 and 1.006 g/ml.
- Blood Vessel Constriction Measurement [CMO:0000218] —
- Blood Vessel Contractile Force Measurement [CMO:0000716] — Any measurement of the energy produced by the active reduction in the diameter of a blood vessel, any one of the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body, resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessel.
- Blood Vessel Diameter [CMO:0000179] — The length of a line which crosses a transverse view of a blood vessel, passing through its center and ending on either side at either the inner surface or outer surface of the blood vessel wall.
- Blood Vessel Dilation Expressed as Percent Reduction of the Force Generated in A Pre-constricted Blood Vessel [CMO:0000730] — This is a measure of the relaxation caused by the addition of some agent or process to a pre-constricted blood vessel. It is the ratio of the amount of dilation generated compared to a fully dilated blood vessel.
- Blood Vessel Dilation Force Reduction Measurement [CMO:0000729] — Measurement of the reduction in force during blood vessel dilation.
- Blood Vessel Dilation Measurement [CMO:0000215] —
- Blood Vessel Distensibility [CMO:0000704] — A measure of a blood vessel's ability to stretch, dilate or expand.
- Blood Vessel Endothelial Cell Count [CMO:0000229] — The enumeration, i.e. measurement of the total number, of the specialized liner cells that form an interface between the circulating blood and the rest of the vessel wall in a specified sample of blood vessel, any one of the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body.
- Blood Vessel Endothelium Measurement [CMO:0000706] — Measurement made on the endothelial tissue or endothelial cells lining a blood vessel.
- Blood Vessel Inner Diameter [CMO:0000969] — The length of a line which crosses a transverse view of a blood vessel, passing through its center and ending on either side at the inner surface of the blood vessel wall.
- Blood Vessel Lesion Measurement [CMO:0000962] — Measurement of a localized pathological change in structure of a blood vessel due to injury or disease; especially one that is circumscribed and well defined.
- Blood Vessel Maximum Contractile Force [CMO:0000717] — Measurement of the highest achievable amount of energy produced by the active reduction in the diameter of a blood vessel, any one of the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body, resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessel.
- Blood Vessel Measurement [CMO:0000077] — Any quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of one or more blood vessels, the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body.
- Blood Vessel Morphological Measurement [CMO:0001997] — Measurement of the physical form or structure of one or more blood vessels, the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body.
- Blood Vessel Outer Diameter [CMO:0000970] — The length of a line which crosses a transverse view of a blood vessel, passing through its center and ending on either side at the outer surface of the blood vessel wall.
- Blood Vessel Resistance Measurement [CMO:0000700] — Measurement of the amount of resistance in a blood vessel to the flow of blood or other fluid through it.
- Blood Vessel Smooth Muscle Cell Count [CMO:0001643] — Measurement of the total number of cells, membrane-enclosed protoplasmic masses constituting the smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, in a specified sample of vascular smooth muscle, the contractile soft tissue having fine myofibrils but lacking transverse striations composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels, the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body.
- Blood Vessel Smooth Muscle Measurement [CMO:0001640] — A value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of vascular smooth muscle, the contractile soft tissue having fine myofibrils but lacking transverse striations composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels, the network of muscular tubes that carry blood through the body.
- Blood Vessel Wall Thickness [CMO:0000964] —
- Blood Vessel Wall Thickness to Blood Vessel Inner Diameter Ratio [CMO:0000978] — A calculated measurement in which the ratio of the wall thickness (WT) of a blood vessel is divided by the inner diameter (ID) of that vessel at that location, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, for example, WT/ID x 100. This measurement is often used to assess stenosis, a pathological narrowing of a blood vessel.
- Blood Viscoelasticity [CMO:0000194] — A measurement to describe the combined properties of viscosity, related to the energy dissipated during flow, and elasticity, related to the energy stored during flow, of blood.
- Blood Viscosity Measurement [CMO:0000192] — Measurement of the resistance of blood to flow caused by friction of its component molecules as they slide past one another.
- Blood Vitamin Level [CMO:0003698] — The amount of a vitamin in a specified volume of blood. A vitamin is any of various organic substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of most animals and some plants, act especially as coenzymes and precursors of coenzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes, but do not provide energy or serve as building units, and are present in natural foodstuffs or sometimes produced within the body.
- Blood Volume Measurement [CMO:0003661] — A determination of the amount of space occupied by the total amount of blood, as measured in cubic units, in the circulatory system of an individual.
- Blood Xenobiotic Level [CMO:0002466] — Measurement of the amount of any xenobiotic in a specified sample of blood. A xenobiotic is a chemical compound foreign to a given biologic system, or more specifically, a pharmacologically, endocrinologically, or toxicologically active substance not endogenously produced and therefore foreign to an organism.
- Blood Xenobiotic Measurement [CMO:0003131] —
- Blood Xenobiotic Metabolism Measurement [CMO:0003132] —
- Body Density [CMO:0000301] — The measure of mass per unit of volume often used to determine body fat composition. Techniques often used include comparison of body weight inside and outside of water or a ratio of body volume and weight. Common formulas include body density equal to body weight divided by body volume minus residual lung volume or body density equal to body weight divided by the dividend of body weight minus water weight divided by the density of water minus residual lung volume.
- Body Fat Morphological Measurement [CMO:0000089] — Measurement of adipose tissue in entire body or region of body of an organism.
- Body Fat Percentage [CMO:0000302] —
- Body Fat Percentage, Lohman Equation [CMO:0000308] — Fat as a percentage of body weight using the formula percent body fat equal to 503.3 divided by body density minus 459.2.
- Body Fat Percentage, Lukaski Equation [CMO:0000226] — Total body fat as a percentage of total body mass calculated based on Total Body Water equal to 0.372 times height in centimeters squared divided by resistance plus 3.05 times sex (male-1, female-2) plus 0.142 times weight minus 0.69 times age.
- Body Fat Percentage, Ortiz Equation [CMO:0000310] — Total body fat expressed as a percentage of body mass using the equation percent fat equal to 483.2 divided by body density minus 436.9. Often used for African or African-American women.
- Body Fat Percentage, Schutte Equation [CMO:0000309] — Total body fat expressed as percentage of body weight using the formula percent fat equal to 437.4 divided by body density minus 392.8. Often used for African and African-American men.
- Body Fat Percentage, Siri Equation [CMO:0000303] — Total body fat expressed as a percentage of body mass using the formula percent body fat equals 495 divided by body density minus 450. Often used for Caucasian men.
- Body Fat Volume [CMO:0002180] — Any measurement of the size of the three dimensional space occupied by fat in the body of an organism.
- Body Height [CMO:0000106] — The vertical measurement of a body.
- Body Height at Hip [CMO:0001332] — The vertical measurement of the body of a four-legged animal, from the ground to the point of the hip.
- Body Height at Withers [CMO:0001331] — The vertical measurement of the body of a four-legged animal, from the ground to the high part of the back between the shoulder blades.
- Body Length [CMO:0000013] — A measurement of the longest dimension of a body, typically between two distinct ends of the body.
- Body Length, Crown to Rump [CMO:0003847] — The distance between the crown of the head and the back end of an organism.
- Body Length, Nose to Rump [CMO:0000079] — The distance between the tip of the nose and the back end of an organism.
- Body Length, Nose to Tail [CMO:0000078] — The distance between the tip of the nose and the very end of the appendage extending from the end of the trunk of an organism.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) [CMO:0000105] — A measurement relating body weight to height in an organism; typically calculated as the weight of an individual divided by the height of that individual squared. For quadrupeds, the square of body height is often replaced by the square of body length.
- Body Morphological Measurement [CMO:0000021] — Measurement of the structure or forms of the entire body or parts of the body of an organism.
- Body Movement Measurement [CMO:0000953] — Any measurement of a change of place or position of all or part of the body of an organism.
- Body Movement/balance Measurement [CMO:0001766] — Any measurement related to a change of place or position of all or part of the body of an organism, or to the ability of an organism to maintain bodily equilibrium and postural control, the motor control that stabilizes the body in space by integrating sensory input about body position (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular input) with motor output to coordinate the action of muscles and keep the body's center of mass within its base of support.
- Body Region Fat Morphological Measurement [CMO:0000224] — A measurement on the adipose tissue in a portion of the body.
- Body Temperature [CMO:0000015] — The level of heat in an organism.
- Body Weight [CMO:0000012] — The heaviness or degree to which an entire organism's body is drawn to the earth by gravity.
- Body Weight Area Under Curve (AUC) [CMO:0002806] —
- Body Weight Gain [CMO:0000420] — Increase in an organism's body weight over a specified period of time.
- Body Weight Gain to Calories Absorbed Ratio [CMO:0003940] — This is a calculated measurement in which the number of grams of body weight gained by a subject during a specified period of time or under specified conditions, is divided by the total calories absorbed by the subject, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Body Weight Growth Curve Measurement [CMO:0003451] —
- Body Weight Loss [CMO:0001399] — A calculated measurement of the absolute, relative or proportional decrease in total body weight of an individual over time.
- Body Weight to Body Length (nose to Rump) Ratio [CMO:0002804] —
- Body Weight to Body Length (nose to Tail) Ratio [CMO:0002805] —
- Body Weight to Tibia Length Ratio [CMO:0001197] — A calculated value in which the total body weight of an organism is divided by the length of the tibia, the inner and larger bone of the lower leg or hindlimb, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to the length of the leg and, by extension, to the length of the body.
- Bone Area Measurement [CMO:0001681] — Any measurement of the extent of a two-dimensional surface of (surface area) or plane through (cross-sectional area) a bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Ash Content [CMO:0002645] — The amount of ash produced by the calcination of bone, that is, a thermal treatment of bone resulting in thermal decomposition and/or removal of the volatile fraction.
- Bone Biomechanical Measurement [CMO:0001557] — Any value resulting from a quantification of the action of forces on or related to bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts. Bone biomechanical measurements are calculated values, that is, they have been normalized, adjusted or derived by a mathematical process or computation from primary physical measurements.
- Bone Calcium Content [CMO:0002646] — The amount of calcium in a specified sample of bone. Calcium is the chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20, and is the dense hard component of teeth and bones.
- Bone Cross-sectional Area Measurement [CMO:0001693] — Any measurement of the extent of a plane through, that is, perpendicular to the longest axis of a bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Marrow Measurement [CMO:0001849] — The quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of bone marrow, the soft, organic, spongelike material in the internal cavities of bones (the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts). Bone marrow (the chief function of which is to manufacture erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) consists of a network of blood vessels and special connective tissue fibers that hold together a composite of fat and blood-producing cells.
- Bone Marrow Morphological Measurement [CMO:0001851] — Any measurement of the physical form or structure of bone marrow, the soft, organic, spongelike material in the internal cavities of bones (the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts). Bone marrow (the chief function of which is to manufacture erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) consists of a network of blood vessels and special connective tissue fibers that hold together a composite of fat and blood-producing cells.
- Bone Marrow Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003271] —
- Bone Measurement [CMO:0001550] — A value resulting from the quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Mineral Content [CMO:0001554] — Measurement of the amount, i.e. the mass, of mineral in bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Mineral Content to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0001556] — A calculated measurement in which the mass of mineral in any or all of the bones of the body is divided by the total weight of the body and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to the size of the organism.
- Bone Mineral Density [CMO:0001226] — Measurement of the mineral mass per unit area of bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Mineral Morphological Measurement [CMO:0001552] — Any measurement of the form or content of one or more of the mineral components of bone.
- Bone Morphological Measurement [CMO:0000443] — Measure of the physical form or structure of one or more bones the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Phosphorus Content [CMO:0002647] — The amount of phosphorus in a specified sample of bone. Phosphorus is the chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15, and is a major component of the mineral phase of bone.
- Bone Physiological Measurement [CMO:0001551] — Any measurement relating to a physiological parameter of bone, that is, a parameter related to the way a bone operates and/or the chemical or physical functions that exist in a bone. Bone is the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Polar Moment of Inertia [CMO:0001558] — A calculated geometric property of a cross section of a bone which expresses the inherent rotational stiffness of the bone. It is a measure of the distribution of material around a given axis and is related to the inherent rotational stiffness of the bone around that axis. Bone is the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Polar Moment of Inertia to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0001560] — A calculated measurement in which the value of the polar moment of inertia is divided by the total weight or heaviness of the body and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to body weight. Polar moment of inertia is a calculated geometric property of a cross section of a bone which expresses the inherent rotational stiffness of the bone. It is a measure of the distribution of material around a given axis and is related to the inherent rotational stiffness of the bone around that axis. Bone is the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Section Connectivity Density [CMO:0002711] — A measure of the degree of connectivity of trabeculae divided by the total volume of the bone sample. The degree of connectivity is an index calculated from the Euler number, a fundamental topologic measure counting the number of objects, the number of marrow cavities fully surrounded by bone, and the number of connections that must be broken to split the structure in two parts.
- Bone Section Mineralized Tissue Surface Area [CMO:0002706] — In a sample of bone, the surface area, that is, the two-dimensional extent of a planar region comprising the superficial or external aspect, of the portion which has been segmented as mineralized, radiodense/radiopaque tissue.
- Bone Section Mineralized Tissue Volume [CMO:0002705] — In a sample of bone, the volume of the portion which has been segmented as mineralized, radiodense/radiopaque tissue.
- Bone Section Morphological Measurement [CMO:0002702] — Measurement of the physical form or structure of a slice or similar portion of a bone.
- Bone Section Specific Bone Surface [CMO:0002709] — A calculated measurement in which, in a sample of bone, the surface area of the portion of the sample which has been segmented as mineralized, radiodense/radiopaque tissue is divided by the volume of the portion of the sample which has been segmented as mineralized, radiodense/radiopaque tissue.
- Bone Section Structure Model Index [CMO:0002710] — A quantitative measure of bone microarchitecture calculated by means of three-dimensional image analysis and based on the volume ratio of plate-shaped trabeculae to rod-shaped ones. For bones which contain both structures the value is expected to be between 0 (all parallel plates) and 3 (all cylindrical rods) although a value of 4 is possible (denoting spherical trabeculae). Also, where the fraction of mineralized tissue in a bone section is extremely high or low, values outside this 0-4 range are possible.
- Bone Section Surface Density [CMO:0002708] — In a sample of bone, the surface area of the portion of the sample which has been segmented as mineralized, radiodense/radiopaque tissue divided by the total volume of the region of interest.
- Bone Section Total Volume [CMO:0002704] — Volume of the entire region of interest in a sample, for example a slice, of bone.
- Bone Section Trabecular Number [CMO:0002712] — Measure of the average number of trabeculae per unit length in a sample of bone. Trabeculae are the interconnecting, rod- or needle-like bony structures in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow.
- Bone Section Trabecular Separation [CMO:0002714] — Mean distance between trabeculae in a sample of bone. Trabeculae are the interconnecting, rod- or needle-like bony structures in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow.
- Bone Section Trabecular Thickness [CMO:0002713] — Mean thickness of trabeculae in a sample of bone. Trabeculae are the interconnecting, rod- or needle-like bony structures in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow.
- Bone Section Volume Fraction [CMO:0002707] — In a sample of bone, the volume of the portion of the sample which has been segmented as mineralized, radiodense/radiopaque tissue divided by the total volume of the region of interest.
- Bone Stiffness [CMO:0001673] — A calculated measurement of the rigidity of a bone, that is, the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force, taken as the initial, i.e. the maximum, slope of the load-displacement curve. Bone is the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Tissue Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003350] —
- Bone Total Energy Absorbed Before Break [CMO:0001676] — A calculated measurement of the maximum amount of energy a bone can absorb under stress before it breaks, derived as the area under the stress-strain or load-displacement curve at the point of failure. Bone is the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Trabecular Cross-sectional Area [CMO:0002311] — The portion of the cross-sectional area of a bone that corresponds to the area occupied by cancellous or spongy bone, the inner, less dense, more metabolically active type of osseous tissue made up of a network of tiny lattice-shaped spicules often containing marrow. The cross-sectional area of bone is the measurement of the extent of a plane through, that is, perpendicular to the longest axis of a bone, the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Bone Ultimate Displacement [CMO:0002718] — The elongation or displacement of the bone at the point of breakage, for example during a bending test where displacement is the distance between the mid-span position of the bone without loading and the mid-span position of the bone under loading.
- Bone Ultimate Force [CMO:0001561] — A calculated measurement of the force necessary to fracture a bone under specified conditions and thus a measure of the biomechanical strength of that bone. Bone is the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates and composed chiefly of calcium salts.
- Both Adrenal Glands Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0000621] — A calculated measurement in which the total, combined weight of both adrenal glands is divided by the total weight of the body and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Both Adrenal Glands Wet Weight [CMO:0000164] — The total weight of both adrenal glands together after removal from the body but without desiccation.
- Both Adrenal Glands Wet Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0002411] — A calculated measurement in which the combined weight of both adrenal glands after removal from the body but without dessication is divided by the total weight of the body and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Both Ears Average of Tympanic Cavity Epithelium Thickness [CMO:0002673] — The average of a set of epithelium thickness measurements from both ears of a single experimental subject.
- Both Epididymides Wet Weight [CMO:0001606] — The heaviness, i.e. the degree to which an object is drawn toward the earth by gravity, of both of the epididymides, measured after removal from the body but without desiccation. The epididymis is an elongated cordlike structure along the posterior border of the testis; its coiled duct provides for storage, transit, and maturation of spermatozoa and is continuous with the ductus deferens.
- Both Inguinal Fat Pads Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0001639] — A calculated value in which the total weight of both of the inguinal fat pads, that is, the accumulations of encapsulated adipose tissue located in the junctional region between the abdomen and thigh, is divided by the total weight of the body and presented as a ratio, fraction or quotient, thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Both Kidneys Dry Weight [CMO:0001425] — The weight after desiccation of both kidneys, the paired organs which function to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes.
- Both Kidneys Wet Weight [CMO:0000085] — The weight of both kidneys, the organ which functions to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, after removal from the body but without desiccation.
- Both Kidneys Wet Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0000340] — A calculated measurement in which the weight after removal from the body but without desiccation of both kidneys, the paired organ which functions to maintain proper water and electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base concentration, and filter the blood of metabolic wastes, is divided by the total weight of the body and presented as a ratio, percentage, fraction or quotient, thus normalizing it to body weight.
- Both Kidneys Wet Weight to Tibia Length Ratio [CMO:0001199] — A calculated value in which the total weight after removal from the body but without desiccation of both kidneys is divided by the length of the tibia, the inner and larger bone of the lower leg or hindlimb, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to the length of the leg and, by extension, to the length of the body.
- Both Lungs Dry Weight [CMO:0000846] — The weight together, after desiccation, of both lungs, the organ component of the respiratory system responsible for the exchange of gases between the environment and the blood.
- Both Lungs Wet Weight [CMO:0000165] — The weight together, after removal from the body but without desiccation, of both lungs, the organ component of the respiratory system responsible for the exchange of gases between the environment and the blood.
- Both Lungs Wet Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0002407] — A calculated measurement in which the total, combined weight of both lungs after removal from the body but without dessication is divided by the total weight of the body and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Both Ovaries Dry Weight [CMO:0002492] — The total weight after removal from the body and subsequent dessication, of both of the female sexual glands in which the oocytes are formed.
- Both Ovaries Weight [CMO:0000407] — The total weight of both of the female sexual glands in which the oocytes are formed.
- Both Ovaries Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0003019] —
- Both Ovaries Wet Weight [CMO:0002488] — The total weight after removal from the body but without dessication, of both of the female sexual glands in which the oocytes are formed.
- Both Seminal Vesicles Wet Weight [CMO:0001605] — The heaviness, i.e. the degree to which an object is drawn toward the earth by gravity, of both of a pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra, measured after removal from the body but without dessication.
- Both Testes Dry Weight [CMO:0000857] — This is the weight of both testes after desiccation. Testes are the paired, egg-shaped glands normally situated in the scrotum, in which the spermatozoa develop.
- Both Testes Volume [CMO:0001330] — The combined volume of both testes, the paired egg-shaped glands normally situated in the scrotum, in which the spermatozoa develop.
- Both Testes Wet Weight [CMO:0000175] — The weight after removal from the body but without desiccation both of the testicles, the paired egg-shaped glands normally situated in the scrotum, in which the spermatozoa develop.
- Both Testes Wet Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0000901] — A calculated measurement in which the wet weight of both testes, the paired egg-shaped glands normally situated in the scrotum, in which the spermatozoa develop, is divided by the total body weight of the organism and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Bowman's Capsule Diameter [CMO:0003671] — A linear measurement made from one edge to the other edge across the widest portion of a single Bowman's capsule. Bowman's capsule is the expanded portion of the nephron encircling the glomerulus.
- Bowman's Capsule Volume [CMO:0003673] — A calculated estimate of the size of the three dimensional space occupied by a single Bowman's capsule in the kidney. Bowman's capsule is the expanded portion of the nephron encircling the glomerulus.
- Brain Activity Measurement [CMO:0001737] — Any measurement of the functioning, e.g. the electrical output, of the brain to produce an effect. The brain is the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Campesterol Level [CMO:0001937] — The amount of campesterol, a phytosterol (molecular formula C28H48O) whose chemical structure is similar to that of cholesterol, in a specified sample of brain.
- Brain Cholesterol Level [CMO:0001935] — The amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, in a specified sample of brain.
- Brain Copper Measurement [CMO:0003454] — Any measurement of copper, an essential dietary trace element, atomic number 29, involved in the formation of bone and blood as a necessary component of several enzymes, in brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Copper Weight [CMO:0003455] — Measurement of the weight or heaviness of the copper, an essential dietary trace element, atomic number 29, involved in the formation of bone and blood as a necessary component of several enzymes, in a specified sample of brain.
- Brain Copper Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0003458] — A calculated measurement in which the weight of copper in a specified sample of brain is divided by the total weight of the body of the organism and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage, thus normalizing it to the size of the organism
- Brain Copper Weight to Brain Dry Weight Ratio [CMO:0003460] — A calculated measurement in which the weight of copper in a specified sample of brain is divided by the dry weight of that brain sample, that is, the weight of the sample after dessication, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Brain Copper Weight to Brain Weight Ratio [CMO:0003459] — A calculated measurement in which the weight of copper in a specified sample of brain is divided by the weight of that brain sample and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Brain Copper Weight to Brain Wet Weight Ratio [CMO:0003461] — A calculated measurement in which the weight of copper in a specified sample of brain is divided by the wet weight of that brainsample, that is, the weight of the sample after removal from the body but without dessication, and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Brain Dry Weight [CMO:0000154] — Weight of the brain after desiccation of the excised organ.
- Brain Infarction Measurement [CMO:0000681] — Measurement of an area of necrotic tissue in the brain resulting from a reduction or obstruction of the oxygen supply to the brain.
- Brain Infarction Size [CMO:0001014] — Measurement of the size of an area of necrotic tissue in the brain resulting from a reduction or obstruction of the oxygen supply to the brain.
- Brain Infarction Volume [CMO:0001013] — Measurement of the size of the three dimensional space occupied by an area of necrotic tissue in the brain resulting from a reduction or obstruction of the oxygen supply to the brain.
- Brain Lesion Measurement [CMO:0000910] — Measurement of a lesion of the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. A lesion is a localized pathological change in structure of an organ or tissue due to injury or disease; especially one that is circumscribed and well defined.
- Brain Lipid Measurement [CMO:0001933] — The quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of one or more lipids in brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. Lipids are any of a structurally diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble innonpolar solvents that, among other biological functions, serve as a source of fuel and are an important constituent of cell structure.
- Brain Measurement [CMO:0000911] — Any measurement of all or part of the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Meninx Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003310] —
- Brain Mineral Measurement [CMO:0003453] — Any measurement of an inorganic element or compound containing a metal, nonmetal, radical, or phosphate that is needed for proper body function and maintenance of health, in brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Molecular Composition Measurement [CMO:0002066] — Any quantitation of the molecules, atoms and/or ions which constitute the chemical make-up of the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Morphological Measurement [CMO:0000136] — Measurement of the physical form or structure of the brain, the component of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities.
- Brain Neurotensin Receptor 1 Density [CMO:0002068] — A measurement of the amount of neurotensin receptor 1, the high afffinity G-protein coupled receptor of the neuropeptide hormone neurotensin, in a specified sample of brain expressed relative to the weight of total protein in that sample.
- Brain Non-tumorous Lesion Incidence/prevalence Measurement [CMO:0000930] — A measurement in which the number of individuals in a study population that display one or more non-tumorous lesion(s) of the brain at a point in time or develop such lesions within a determined period of time are compared to the total number of individuals in the study population. Often expressed as a percentage but could be expressed as a ratio. A non-tumorous lesion is a localized pathological change in structure of an organ or tissue due to injury or disease, which is not neoplastic in origin; especially one that is circumscribed and well defined. Examples of non-tumorous lesions of the brain would include infarctions, hemorrhages, etc.
- Brain Non-tumorous Lesion Measurement [CMO:0000912] — Measurement of a brain lesion which is not neoplastic in origin. A lesion is a localized pathological change in structure of an organ or tissue due to injury or disease; especially one that is circumscribed and well defined. Examples of non-tumorous lesions would include wounds, sores, ulcers, infarctions, etc.
- Brain Oxygen Measurement [CMO:0003417] — The quantification of interstitial oxygen in the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities.The brain tissue partial pressure of oxygen (PtO2) depends on the cerebral metabolic rate (CMR), the local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the systemic exposure of hypoxia.
- Brain Physiological Measurement [CMO:0001969] — Any quantification of a function of or process in the brain, one of the two components of the central nervous system. The brain is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. It is also the seat of consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion.
- Brain Phytosterol Level [CMO:0001936] — The amount of phytosterol(s) in a specified sample of brain. Phytosterols, which encompass both plant sterols and stanols, comprise a large group of steroid compounds similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.
- Brain Protein/peptide Composition Measurement [CMO:0002578] — Any measurement involving the composition, that is, the absolute amount, relative amount or type of one or more proteins or peptides in a specified sample of brain tissue.
- Brain Ribonucleic Acid Level [CMO:0002795] — Any measurement of the absolute or relative amount(s) of one or more of the ribonucleic acids (RNAs) of which the tissue of the brain is formed or composed.
- Brain Sitosterol Level [CMO:0001938] — The amount of sitosterol, a phytosterol (molecular formula C29H50O) with chemical structures similar to that of cholesterol, in a specified sample of brain.
- Brain Spike-and-wave Discharge Amplitude [CMO:0001741] — Measurement of the maximum deviation from the baseline position of the electrical signal during a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs. Such deviations can be either positive or negative, i.e. amplitude is the distance from rest (baseline) to crest or from the rest position to the trough position.
- Brain Spike-and-wave Discharge Frequency [CMO:0001742] — Measurement of the number of individual spike-and-wave discharge cycles occurring per second. A spike-and-wave discharge is a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Spike-and-wave Discharge Measurement [CMO:0001738] — Measurement of a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Spike-and-wave Discharge Rate [CMO:0001739] — Measurement of the number of periods of spike-and-wave discharges occurring per unit of time. A spike-and-wave discharge is a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Spike-and-wave Discharge Severity Grade [CMO:0001988] — A measurement based on scoring the severity, for example on a scale of 0-4, of spike and wave discharges, a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.
- Brain Sterol Level [CMO:0001934] — The amount of sterol, any of a group of steroids with a long (8 to 10 carbons) aliphatic side-chain at position 17 and at least one alcoholic group, in a specified sample of brain.
- Brain Total Copper Weight [CMO:0003457] — Measurement of the total weight or heaviness of the copper, an essential dietary trace element, atomic number 29, involved in the formation of bone and blood as a necessary component of several enzymes, in a whole brain.
- Brain Total Spike-and-wave Discharge Duration [CMO:0001740] — Measurement of the cumulated duration of spikes and waves occurring per unit of time during a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium which is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Total Type I Spike-and-wave Discharge Duration [CMO:0002062] — Measurement of the cumulated duration of type I spike and wave discharges occurring per unit of time during a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharge episodes in the brain. Type I is characterized by immediate, bilaterally symmetric discharges, generalized over the cortex, lasting longer than type II, and displaying an upward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Total Type II Spike-and-wave Discharge Duration [CMO:0002063] — Measurement of the cumulated duration of type II spike and wave discharges occurring per unit of time during a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharge episodes in the brain. Type II is characterized by local occipital-parietal discharges that are shorter and have less clear waves than spike-wave discharge type I and display an downward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Tumorous Lesion Measurement [CMO:0000913] — This is a measurement of a tumor in or on the brain, that is a neoplasm or new growth of tissue in which cell multiplication is more or less uncontrolled and progressive.
- Brain Type I Spike-and-wave Discharge Amplitude [CMO:0002055] — Measurement of the maximum deviation from the baseline position of the electrical signal during a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Type I is characterized by immediate, bilaterally symmetric discharges, generalized over the cortex, lasting longer than type II, and displaying an upward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type I Spike-and-wave Discharge Frequency [CMO:0002056] — Measurement of the number of individual type I spike-and-wave discharge cycles occurring per second. A spike-and-wave discharge is a series of regular, symmetrical abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Type I is characterized by immediate, bilaterally symmetric discharges, generalized over the cortex, lasting longer than type II, and displaying an upward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type I Spike-and-wave Discharge Rate [CMO:0002058] — Measurement of the number of periods of type I spike-and-wave discharges occurring per unit of time. A spike-and-wave discharge is a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Type I is characterized by immediate, bilaterally symmetric discharges, generalized over the cortex, lasting longer than type II, and displaying an upward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type I Spike-and-wave Discharge Severity Grade [CMO:0002060] — A measurement based on scoring the severity, for example on a scale of 0-4, of type I spike and wave discharges, a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain characterized by immediate, bilaterally symmetric discharges, generalized over the cortex, lasting longer than type II, and displaying an upward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type II Spike-and-wave Discharge Amplitude [CMO:0002054] — Measurement of the maximum deviation from the baseline position of the electrical signal during a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Type II is characterized by local occipital-parietal discharges that are shorter and have less clear waves than spike-wave discharge type I and display an downward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type II Spike-and-wave Discharge Frequency [CMO:0002057] — Measurement of the number of individual type II spike-and-wave discharge cycles occurring per second. A spike-and-wave discharge is a series of regular, symmetrical abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Type II is characterized by local occipital-parietal discharges that are shorter and have less clear waves than spike-wave discharge type I and display an downward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type II Spike-and-wave Discharge Rate [CMO:0002059] — Measurement of the number of periods of type II spike-and-wave discharges occurring per unit of time. A spike-and-wave discharge is a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Type II is characterized by local occipital-parietal discharges that are shorter and have less clear waves than spike-wave discharge type I and display an downward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Type II Spike-and-wave Discharge Severity Grade [CMO:0002061] — A measurement based on scoring the severity, for example on a scale of 0-4, of type II spike and wave discharges, a series of regular, symmetrical, generalized abnormal electrical discharges in the brain characterized by local occipital-parietal discharges that are shorter and have less clear waves than spike-wave discharge type I and display an downward polarity in the spikes.
- Brain Uptake Index of Digoxin [CMO:0003183] — This is a calculated measurement in which the amount of digoxin in brain 15 seconds after an injection of digoxin into the carotid artery is divided by the injected amount of digoxin and presented as a percentage.
- Brain Uptake Index of Quinidine [CMO:0003186] — This is a calculated measurement in which the amount of quinidine in brain 15 seconds after an injection of quinidine into the carotid artery is divided by the injected amount of quinidine and presented as a percentage.
- Brain Uptake Index of Verapamil [CMO:0003177] — This is a calculated measurement in which the amount of verapamil in brain 15 seconds after an injection of verapamil into the carotid artery is divided by the injected amount of verapamil and presented as a percentage.
- Brain Ventricle Measurement [CMO:0001972] — Any quantification of a morphological or physiological parameter of one or more brain ventricles, the cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
- Brain Ventricle Morphological Measurement [CMO:0001971] — Measurement of the physical form or structure of one or more of the cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
- Brain Ventricle Width to Brain Width Ratio [CMO:0001974] — A calculated measurement in which the width, i.e., the linear extent from side to side, of one or more brain ventricles is divided by the width of the whole brain and presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage.
- Brain Weight [CMO:0000137] — The weight of the brain, that is, its heaviness or the degree to which it is drawn toward the earth by gravity. The brain is the portion of the central nervous system enclosed within the cranium. It is composed of gray matter and white matter and is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily activities, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses, and transmitting information to the muscles and body organs.
- Brain Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0000139] — A calculated measurement in which the weight of the brain is divided by the total weight of the body of the organism, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Brain Wet Weight [CMO:0000155] — The weight of the brain after removal from the body but without desiccation.
- Brain Wet Weight to Body Weight Ratio [CMO:0002410] — A calculated measurement in which the weight of the brain after removal from the body but without dessication is divided by the total weight of the body of the organism, and the result presented as a ratio, fraction, quotient or percentage thus normalizing it to body weight and, by extension, to the size of the organism.
- Brainstem Ribonucleic Acid Composition Measurement [CMO:0003383] —
- Bronchial Epithelial Cell Count [CMO:0000321] — Number of cells in a specified sample of the internal lining of a bronchus.
- Bulbourethral Gland Dry Weight [CMO:0002394] — The weight of the bulbourethral gland, that is, its heaviness or degree to which it is drawn toward the earth by gravity, after desiccation of the excised organ.
- Bulbourethral Gland Weight [CMO:0002393] — The weight of the bulbourethral gland, that is, its heaviness or degree to which it is drawn toward the earth by gravity. The bulbourethral glands are two small compound racemose glands that secrete a liquid, mucoid component of seminal fluid. The glands are located on either side of the prostate and drain to the wall of the urethra.
- Bulbourethral Gland Wet Weight [CMO:0002395] — The weight of the bulbourethral gland, that is, its heaviness or degree to which it is drawn toward the earth by gravity, after removal from the body but without desiccation.
- Bumetanide-sensitive Red Blood Cell K+ Import Rate [CMO:0003859] — Measurement of the amount of potassium ion that is blocked from being imported by bumetanide inhibition of the erythrocyte membrane transport protein that transports sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) ions across the cell membrane into erythrocytes, in a specified volume of red blood cells during a specified unit of time. Rubidium is sometimes assayed as a substitute for potassium.
- Bumetanide-sensitive Red Blood Cell Na+ Export Rate [CMO:0003858] — Measurement of the amount of sodium ion that is blocked from being imported by bumetanide inhibition of the erythrocyte membrane transport protein that transports sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) ions across the cell membrane into erythrocytes, in a specified volume of red blood cells during a specified unit of time.
Data returned: 540 terms all with first letter "B".
Data updated: Sep 01, 2024